Notes, summaries, assignments, exams, and problems for Arts and Humanities

Àngel Guimerà: Poet and Playwright

Àngel Guimerà rose to prominence in the Renaixença literature as a poet. He was a writer with a worldview that insisted on ethical themes, and characters who relate their own experiences. Some of his early poems even had patriotic Catalan intentions. Guimerà protected his privacy, but his disputes and adaptation process in the country are known, and he agreed to express them in his poetic works. He also agreed to express the adjustment process in the country in his plays and poetry. This explains why we find a preference for marginalized characters.

Early Poetic Success

When Guimerà presented some of his poetical compositions in the Floral Games, he ended up becoming a master of the art, achieving a significant... Continue reading "Àngel Guimerà: Poet and Playwright of the Catalan Renaissance" »

Realism: A Literary Movement

Realism is a literary movement that triumphed in Europe by 1850 and aims to reflect contemporary reality.

Historical, Social, and Cultural Context in Spain

Key developments influencing Spanish Realism included:

• Consolidation of the bourgeoisie.
• Industrial development and the organization of the urban proletariat, which began claiming its rights.
• The Revolution of 1868, which dethroned Queen Elizabeth II and initiated a progressive stage.
• The Restoration of the monarchy under Alfonso XII in 1875.
• A cultural and ideological struggle between traditionalists (opposed to modern ideas) and progressives.
• The relatively late arrival of Realism in Spain due to slower economic and industrial development and the delayed emergence of

General Documentation: A Burial at Ornans

Author: Gustave Courbet.
Chronology: 1851.
Format: Landscape and huge, nearly 7 meters.
Technique: Oil on canvas.
Location: Musée d'Orsay (Paris).

Formal and Stylistic Analysis

Technical Analysis and Materials

This oil on canvas features various textures, including glazes and impasto zones, alongside more diluted areas. This technique was widely used in the late 15th century (e.g., Van Eyck). The canvas envelopes an enormous frame added later. The work was realized in the author's studio, which was not very high; however, the artist wanted the work to be monumental. Because it was so long, the theme develops in a horizontal frieze. It is a significant feat to work on such a large frame.

Color Palette

The color... Continue reading "Gustave Courbet's A Burial at Ornans: Realism Masterpiece" »

1. Modernismo and the Generation of '98

• Concern for the future of Spain: Spanish claims to the landscape as a literary theme.
• Larra: Consideration as a precursor of the need for regeneration of the country and admiration for his ability to criticize.
• Renewal of the literary language: The reflective attitude of the author leads him to ask existential questions.
• Thematic Coincidence: This last aspect is the one with greater coincidence between Modernismo and the Generation of '98, as the reflections of the authors have the same thematic elements as their object.

Key Themes

• Time: The passage of time.
• Solitude: Necessary to meet the man himself.
• The Dream: The attitude of disappointment and pessimism.
• Sensuality: Love of pleasures, which invites one to

Narcís Oller: Catalan Realist Novelist and His Works

Major Works of Narcís Oller

Narcís Oller's literary output, while not extensive, includes six significant novels:

• The Butterfly (La Papallona, 1882): A novel where romantic elements predominate, earning it prestigious national and foreign acclaim. It is set within a master carpenter's milieu.
• L'Escanyapobres: Study of a Passion (1884): This work presents the moral degradation of a miserly man in a rural society undergoing transformation. Its characters personify the fierce resistance to the social and economic changes of the era.
• Villains (Vilaniu, 1885): A romantic novel describing the devastating consequences of libel for a family living in a provincial town.
• The Gold Rush (La Febre d'Or,

T.9: Understanding Major Dramatic Genres

This classification outlines the characteristics and origins of key theatrical forms, from classical Greek drama to specific Spanish genres.

Tragedy

Originating from the cult of Dionysus in Greece, tragedy typically adheres to the Aristotelian unities (action, time, and place).

• Characters: Typically of higher social status, expressing themselves in elevated language.
• Conflict: Features intractable conflicts where the hero confronts unseen forces (gods, fate, social morals, etc.).
• Dilemma: Sometimes the hero commits a crime unknowingly, living the dilemma of not being able to achieve good without doing evil, which triggers a tragic end.
• Effect: It moves the audience through the protagonist's suffering and the

The Decadent Novel in Late 19th-Century European Literature

The Decadent Novel constitutes, in the context of late 19th-century European literature, a recent referral to Romantic literature. It introduced Modernism in Catalonia before 1900. Under the influence of decadence, the novel shifted to the suggestion of the narrative: it now reflected an inner reality, hidden and almost unknown, from the analysis of internal conflicts of characters who want to self-actualize. The cult of beauty and the creation of artificial paradises, where peace and finding led the authors to recreate distasteful, sexy, and forbidden situations, frustrated the desire to be isolated. In this novel of character, the subjective aspect of art is exalted as essential to... Continue reading "Decadent Novel: Influence on Catalan Modernism" »

Journalistic Articles

These are articles disseminated through mass media to transmit information of social interest.

Pragmatic Elements of Journalism

When considering the dissemination of information, we may identify the following key elements:

1. The Company: The media owner through which news is disseminated.
2. The Source: The origin of the information. This often includes news agencies, which supply news to media outlets and have correspondents worldwide, or press offices, which are groups of journalists providing information.
3. The Journalist: The individual who writes the information. Sometimes, one journalist writes while another manages the entire news production process.

Information broadcast is typically one-way, with no immediate response expected... Continue reading "Fundamentals of Journalistic Communication" »

Baroque Architecture: Breaking Renaissance Rationalism

Baroque art replaced the balanced and rational work of the Renaissance. The material foundation remains stone, but it utilizes an endless repertoire of curves, ellipses, parabolas, twisted columns, and curved pediments to create dramatic lighting effects. Architects continued to use the basilica plan, but incorporated elliptical, circular, and mixed layouts. Sculpture and painting are integrated into architecture to create a unified whole. Arches and vaults relate to urban space, and the dome remains a central feature, designed so that figures seem to ascend to infinity. Facades became more dynamic, built with specific consideration for the angles from which they would be viewed.

Spanish

Vanguard and Experimental Theatre

This movement includes authors like Fernando Arrabal and Francisco Nieva, and independent theatre groups. They reject realist techniques, incorporating scenic innovations from 20th-century theatre innovators.

Relevant Characteristics:

• Rejection of Realism: New Theatre presents symbolic or allegorical themes.
• Topics: Social and political conditions in Spain, denouncing social injustice and protesting for freedom.
• Characters: Lack psychological depth, are dehumanized or caricatured, becoming symbols.
• Dramatic Action: Fragmented into short, non-linear sequences.
• Stage Space: Innovative design, integrating audience seating into the stage area.
• Theatre as Play: The theatrical event is considered a game.

The Theatre of Vallejo