Notes, summaries, assignments, exams, and problems for Arts and Humanities

Journalistic Articles

These are articles disseminated through mass media to transmit information of social interest.

Pragmatic Elements of Journalism

When considering the dissemination of information, we may identify the following key elements:

1. The Company: The media owner through which news is disseminated.
2. The Source: The origin of the information. This often includes news agencies, which supply news to media outlets and have correspondents worldwide, or press offices, which are groups of journalists providing information.
3. The Journalist: The individual who writes the information. Sometimes, one journalist writes while another manages the entire news production process.

Information broadcast is typically one-way, with no immediate response expected... Continue reading "Fundamentals of Journalistic Communication" »

Baroque Architecture: Breaking Renaissance Rationalism

Baroque art replaced the balanced and rational work of the Renaissance. The material foundation remains stone, but it utilizes an endless repertoire of curves, ellipses, parabolas, twisted columns, and curved pediments to create dramatic lighting effects. Architects continued to use the basilica plan, but incorporated elliptical, circular, and mixed layouts. Sculpture and painting are integrated into architecture to create a unified whole. Arches and vaults relate to urban space, and the dome remains a central feature, designed so that figures seem to ascend to infinity. Facades became more dynamic, built with specific consideration for the angles from which they would be viewed.

Spanish

Vanguard and Experimental Theatre

This movement includes authors like Fernando Arrabal and Francisco Nieva, and independent theatre groups. They reject realist techniques, incorporating scenic innovations from 20th-century theatre innovators.

Relevant Characteristics:

• Rejection of Realism: New Theatre presents symbolic or allegorical themes.
• Topics: Social and political conditions in Spain, denouncing social injustice and protesting for freedom.
• Characters: Lack psychological depth, are dehumanized or caricatured, becoming symbols.
• Dramatic Action: Fragmented into short, non-linear sequences.
• Stage Space: Innovative design, integrating audience seating into the stage area.
• Theatre as Play: The theatrical event is considered a game.

The Theatre of Vallejo

Lope de Vega and the New Art of Comedy (*Arte Nuevo*)

Characteristics of Lope de Vega's Theater

Lope de Vega created a new dramatic formula by connecting the various existing trends in theater. His works were written to appeal to all people.

Features of the *Arte Nuevo* (New Art)

Lope described the following features that his works should possess:

• Free Theme: A wide variety of subjects.
• A mixture of tragedy and comedy (tragicomedy).
• Unity of action (a single main plot).
• Division into three acts.
• Likelihood in the form of dialogue (natural speech).
• Matching the content to the social status of the character.
• Recurring characters (e.g., the *gracioso* or witty servant).
• The central subject is often the theme of honor.

Major Works of Lope de Vega

Lope's major... Continue reading "Spanish Golden Age Theater: Lope de Vega's New Comedy and Calderón's Style" »

Textual Markers and Forms of Expression

Textual Markers

These are words that indicate the logical relationships between various ideas within a text. They function as varied linguistic elements.

Textual Forms of Expression: Oral vs. Written

Oral Expression

Oral expression is performed by speech sounds. It is considered the most natural form of expression, possesses a universal character, and has many distinct features.

Written Expression

Written expression is a surrogate form of oral communication. It is not universal, but it allows messages to endure in the text.

Characteristics of Oral Expression

• Nonverbal expressive resources.
• Wide range of articulation (or vocalization).
• Subjective order (often including ellipses).
• Interruptions and repetitions.
• Simple

1. Géneros Periodísticos

1.1 Género Informativo

1.1.1 La Noticia

Es un subgénero informativo que transmite hechos de la realidad. Su estructura se compone de:

• a) Titular: Incluye el título (destacado), subtítulo (complemento) y antetítulo. La tipografía (tamaño y color) juega un papel fundamental.
• b) Lead o Entradilla: Es la entrada de la noticia. Normalmente contiene el punto principal y responde a las 6W: quién, qué, cuándo, dónde, por qué y cómo.
• c) Cuerpo: Contiene todos los detalles de la historia.

1.2 Género Explicativo

1.2.1 Crónica

A menudo confundida con la noticia, la crónica posee características propias. Es redactada por un experto que presencia el hecho de forma permanente, permitiendo evaluar o interpretar la noticia.... Continue reading "Principales Géneros Periodísticos: Definición y Estructura" »

The Baroque Culture

Characterized by four features:

• Culture is directed
• Massive
• Urban
• Conservative

Culture Addressed

The culture of the Baroque is an operational tool designed to act on a Baroque dirigisme. It inevitably leads to authoritarianism (monarchical absolutism). Art and literature are under the influence, or even under the rule, of the rulers.

Culture of the Masses

In the seventeenth century, there is a concentration of population in certain areas. The population demands a greater quantity of cultural products to be consumed at leisure. This produced a common culture, aimed at the masses, according to the level corresponding to the middle classes (Kitsch).

Urban Culture

There was peasant unrest in the seventeenth century. The urban populations... Continue reading "Baroque Culture and Society: Theater as Propaganda" »

The Participle

The participle is a verb form that functions as an adjective. It is formed using the verb stem and the endings -ado or -ido. It performs the following functions:

• Adjectival: Acts as a modifier, predicate, or attribute.
• Verbal: Used when forming compound tenses, the passive voice, or verbal periphrasis.

Like other non-personal verb forms, participles may take verbal complements. Furthermore, like adjectives, they possess morphemes of gender, number, and degree.

Verbal Periphrasis

Verbal periphrasis follows this structure:

• Auxiliary Verb: Conjugated personally, providing verbal morphemes. The semantic value of this verb is often partially or totally lost.
• Connector: An optional element (preposition or conjunction) that links the auxiliary

Dramatic Comedy: Genre and Characteristics

A dramatic comedy is a genre characterized by its main characters facing the difficulties of everyday life. They often struggle to make people laugh (the "public"), driven by their own defects toward happy endings, which often mocks human weakness.

As for characteristics, the main character is usually ordinary: a liar, charlatan, a braggart, rogue, or lover. They are often gullible and unconscious. This contrasts sharply with the tragedy, where the character actor possesses a deep sense of ethics.

Narrative Counterpoint Technique

Counterpoint is a narrative technique based on parallel events featuring different characters, often presented simultaneously or remotely in subsequent scenes. It frequently breaks... Continue reading "Literary Genres and Dramatic Theory Fundamentals" »

Esperpento: Characteristics and Reflection in Valle-Inclán's Novels

Esperpento, a distinctive literary style, was created by Ramón María Valle-Inclán (1866-1936) in his seminal work Luces de Bohemia (Bohemian Lights). This play first appeared in 1920 in the journal España and was published in book form four years later. Esperpento is characterized by the grotesque distortion of reality for expressive purposes. As stated by Valle-Inclán in Luces de Bohemia, "the tragic sense of Spanish life can only be provided with a systematically distorted view."

The inspiration for Esperpento seems to have emerged from a famous bar Valle-Inclán frequently visited near Puerta del Sol in Madrid. Its facade was decorated with various concave and convex... Continue reading "Esperpento: Valle-Inclán's Grotesque Vision in Spanish Literature" »