Notes, summaries, assignments, exams, and problems for Arts and Humanities

Christ in Glory with Saints, A. Carracci (1597-1598)

This work is related to Cardinal Odoardo Farnese, who would be a great protector from 1594 to 1605. Odoardo was the brother of Ranuccio Farnese, both sons of Alexander Farnese. Odoardo was made a cardinal in 1591; he moved to Rome and settled in the Palazzo Farnese. The palace had been completed, but its decor had not. He called the Carracci, who had previously worked with him in Parma. The figure of the donor is part of that sacred conversation. He appears with the cardinal's red cape and is protected by St. Edward, and before him, St. Hermenegildo. Behind them is Santa Catalina, as is always depicted. The composition is the same as previous ones: division between the two parts, figures in... Continue reading "Annibale Carracci: Religious and Mythological Works" »

Understanding Culture: Key Characteristics

Culture encompasses the learned and shared patterns of behavior and thinking within a social group.

Key Characteristics of Culture

1. Culture is learned behavior, unlike animal behavior, which is often instinctive.
2. Culture is an adaptation device, enabling humans to develop diverse responses to environmental challenges.
3. Culture is transmitted from generation to generation.
4. Culture changes due to endogenous and exogenous factors.
5. Culture provides a framework for meaning and interpretation of reality; the same behavior can have different meanings in different societies.
6. Individuals within a society share the same culture differentially, influenced by age, gender, economic status, ethnicity, race, and religion.

Elements

The Renaissance: A Cultural Transformation

The Renaissance is a cultural movement covering all aspects of human activity. It originated in the mid-14th century in the cities of northern Italy and from there spread throughout Europe, where it developed in the 16th century.

Key Characteristics

Its features are the result of social and ideological transformation based on two pillars:

• The imitation of classical models.
• The application of the principles of Humanism.

Admiration for the classics, including their imitation, and the defense of Latin, led to a concern for national languages, considered the most natural expression. Additionally, Latin became the language of culture. The Renaissance attached importance to humanistic studies. This interest in... Continue reading "The Renaissance: Cultural Transformation & Lasting Impact" »

Historical Context

• The failure of the revolution of 1850-1868
• The Elizabethan regime of the Bourbon monarchy, 1868
• Restoration of Alfonso XII, 1875-1886
• The labor movement

Realism in 19th-Century Literature and Art

Realism was a literary and artistic movement that attempted to carefully and objectively represent contemporary reality: the daily life and problems of the bourgeois society of the second half of the 19th century.

Romanticism vs. Realism

Romanticism

• One wing rejected bourgeois society and fled to the past.
• Art was seen as a product of inspiration and subjectivity.
• Themes emerged from delusions of fantasy and feelings.
• Heroic characters and rebels clashed with society and the power of destiny.
• Literary genres: lyric and drama.
• Language included

Early 20th-Century Avant-Garde Art Movements

Beginning around 1904, new renewal movements emerged, often referred to as avant-garde, seeking to challenge and supersede previous artistic norms. These movements often originated in Paris, were typically short-lived, and gave way to new eras, with many concluding around 1940. Magazines and 'isms' were particularly important platforms for these artistic shifts. There was a strong desire for artistic universality, and several prominent avant-garde movements include:

Cubism (1904)

Emerging around 1904, Cubism saw its first significant pictures, such as *Capriccio*, appearing around 1907. Henri Matisse recognized the importance of this movement. Key figures include Pablo Picasso and Juan Gris. Cubist... Continue reading "Modern Art Movements: Cubism to Surrealism" »

Italian Renaissance Art

Architecture

Quattrocento Characteristics

The Quattrocento saw a return to classical elements (semicircular arches, pediments, columns, barrel vaults). Buildings were smaller and less high than Gothic structures, designed to align with human proportions. Decoration was simple and austere, emphasizing order and harmony.

Quattrocento Authors and Works

• Brunelleschi: Dome of Florence Cathedral, facade of the Pitti Palace, churches of San Lorenzo and Santo Spirito (all in Florence).
• Alberti: Rucellai Palace in Florence, Church of St. Andrew in Mantua.

Cinquecento Features

The Cinquecento continued the characteristics of the Quattrocento. Rome became a major architectural center, with magnificent Renaissance buildings constructed... Continue reading "Italian Renaissance Art: Architecture, Painting, and Sculpture" »

Scientific and Technical Texts

Science is also developing a theoretical approach. The mental construction of explanatory models must have a precise language, rigorous, logical structure. The characteristics of scientific content are:

• Universal Validity: A scientific principle is valid in any place.
• Objectivity: Several explanations can be proposed, and testing will be required to support them.
• Need for Rigor and Clarity in Exposition: Scientific language is characterized by:

1. Monosemy: The use of a term with a single meaning.
2. Abundant use of techniques specific to each discipline.
3. Predominance of adjectives that clarify the meaning of the noun.
4. Use of the article for generalization.
5. Utilization of passive and adverbial clauses.

Scientific language is... Continue reading "Understanding Scientific, Humanistic, Journalistic, and Literary Texts" »

19th Century Spanish Art

Architecture Styles

• Eclecticism & Historicism

  Characterized by the mixture of elements from various architectural styles from the past (e.g., Royal Theatre).

• Modernism

  Used new materials such as iron and innovative designs, executed with great creative freedom. Its leader was Antonio Gaudí (e.g., Sagrada Familia).

Sculpture Styles

• Realism

  Characterized by the naturalism of the characters portrayed. Notable sculptors include Ricardo Bellver (e.g., The Fallen Angel) and Mariano Benlliure (e.g., Monument to General Martínez Campos).

• Modernism

  Highlights Josep Llimona, whose works have effects of light and shadow and undulating forms (e.g., Grief).

Painting Styles

• Romanticism

  Its main manifestations were the portrait, in which

Intentionality in Journalistic Texts

In this message, we can observe a complex intentionality, which certainly comes determined primarily by the genre of opinion that this text belongs to, *periodistico*. On one side, the representative function is patent (item), an element of communication that takes precedence over the other five segments representing the transmitted message.

The text objectively concerning the subject of the news (...) is also remarkable. The presence of the expressive function is also remarkable because it expresses the intention of rating, made from the personal perspective of the issuer. In these fragments, the key element is found in the thesis (...).

Conative and Poetic Functions

The conative function occurs when the author... Continue reading "Intentionality in Journalistic Texts: A Detailed Analysis" »

Georges Méliès: Pioneer of Cinema

Man Orchestra: minute 57.92 seconds

Méliès uses cinematic techniques to create his own language. We observe the effect of duplication of a character as an imaginative resource. This is an effect used in horror or fantasy movies (Méliès was an admirer of illusionism).

A Trip to the Moon: A Sci-Fi Landmark

A Trip to the Moon: 6 minutes

Méliès' A Trip to the Moon is a precursor to science fiction films and a significant work. It's one of the first movies in history to use cutting techniques, sets, and special effects extensively. It tells a linear story that was long for its time.

The Power of Music: The Man in the Head

The Man in the Head: minute 3.40 seconds

Méliès used music (piano) in this film to enhance... Continue reading "Georges Méliès & Early Cinema Techniques: A Deep Dive" »