Notes, summaries, assignments, exams, and problems for Arts and Humanities

Aesthetic Sensitivity and Character Expression

• Worship sensitive to beauty: Expressed through delicate shapes, figures, and faces where sweetness shines through.
• Serene attitudes: Movement is suggested through a variety of positions and foreshortening. Characters display expressions softened by shy smiles, interacting through subtle looks and hand gestures.

Compositional Clarity and Balance

The composition is defined by clarity, balance, harmony, and order. The scene occupies the foreground and is organized according to simple geometric patterns based on the triangle and circle.

• Characters establish communication that provides unity to the group through psychological and gestural interaction.
• The heads of the figures fall within the circular composition.

Radio: Production and Transmission

Radio: Production and transmission of information in the form of acoustic messages addressed to a collective public and disseminated through electromagnetic waves.

The Radio Message

Word: The radio message is always oral. A brief radio message requires clarity in pronunciation, use of repetitions, etc. Because it is an oral discourse, it is more agile and spontaneous than that of the press, requiring the listener to be natural. It must also have a suggestive and expressive language, compensating for the absence of visual imagery. The colloquial expression is appreciated to approximate the listener.

Radio Information Genres

Information: We use the same genres as those of the Press: news stories, etc.

Diario Spoken

The Renaissance: Birth of the Modern World

The late 15th and early 16th centuries witnessed the birth of the modern world. This transformation resulted from various events, primarily geographical, such as the discovery of America, and ideological phenomena. These included overcoming the medieval worldview, which centered on religion, and the emergence of a new mentality.

The term "Renaissance" began to be used in the 19th century by J. Michelet and Burkhardt, who, in 1860, published The Culture of the Renaissance in Italy. The word "Renaissance" has a controversial significance concerning the Middle Ages. Its main feature is secularization: while medieval man was concerned with religion, Renaissance man became emancipated and the center of thought.... Continue reading "Renaissance: Birth of the Modern State" »

Noucentisme: A Classicist Movement in Catalan Literature

Noucentisme was a Catalan cultural and political movement that emerged in the early 20th century. It encompassed various aspects, including language, culture, and education. As a classicist movement, Noucentisme emphasized a return to order, harmony, and balance, reflecting the broader European rationalist trends of the time. Politically, Noucentisme was closely associated with the Regionalist League, led by Enric Prat de la Riba. This party represented the Catalan nationalist aspirations of the conservative bourgeoisie.

Key Characteristics of Noucentisme

• Mediterranean spirit
• Christianity
• Formal artificiality
• Measurement and balance
• Wisdom and clarity
• Precision and lightness
• Urban civilization

The Painting of the Last Third of the Nineteenth Century: Impressionism and Post-Impressionism

Introduction

The 1870s witnessed a reversal in the economy, manifested at all artistic and social levels. The failure of the Paris Commune brought about a truce, and the great industrial and financial bourgeoisie experienced its peak. However, past revolutionary episodes obliged public authorities to carry out certain reform programs, including social insurance and compulsory, free primary education. Because of this, the illustrated press multiplied, and cultural events tended to become "mass phenomena." Two factors influenced artistic life:

1. The popularization of photography and the establishment of the movement for the use of films sensibles.
2. The spread

Language Variation

The use of any language isn't homogeneous among its speakers. Language varies due to historical, social, geographical, and stylistic factors. The style used—cultivated, standard, colloquial, or vulgar—also impacts variation. A common standard, adapting to change, is characterized by rules and guidelines from institutions like the Royal Spanish Academy.

Advertising's Persuasive Power

Advertising's main goal is persuasion. As a social communication system, it promotes products or events through commercial, institutional, and political means. It uses various media (press, television, radio, outdoor, direct mail, etc.). To persuade, advertising often embellishes reality, concealing negatives. This is debatable; while it can... Continue reading "Language Variation in Spain: A Multilingual Reality" »

The author of Lazarillo is not limited to anecdotes strung together but creates a narrative composed of a series of events that are organized hierarchically. The composition of Lazarillo is based on two structural models: the autobiography and the elements of the epistle. All elements gain a sense because they are part of the history of a character's life as told by the autobiography itself. It already had a long literary tradition; the direct source for the autobiography of Lazarillo is the Golden Ass of Apuleius. The model of the epistle, as a framework in which to develop the narrative, also has a long tradition. There is the presence of data taken directly from reality, such as geographical references. The work proposes that it be read... Continue reading "Understanding the Narrative Structure of Lazarillo" »

1. Middle Management

M: Gerencia Media
D: A level of management in an organization or business consisting of executives or senior supervisory staff in charge of the detailed running of an organization or business and reporting to top management.

2. Objection Analysis Sheet

M: Hoja de Análisis de Objeciones
D: A document stating a feeling of opposition or dislike regarding something that an employer disagrees with.

3. Networking

M: Creación de Redes
D: Forming business connections and contacts through informal social meetings.

4. Observation Method

M: Métodos de Observación
D: The observation method involves human or mechanical observation of what people actually do or what events take place during a buying or consumption situation.

5. Recession

M: Recesión
D:

Ambition & Motivation

• Achieve: (conseguirlo)
• Achievement: (éxito)
• Challenging: (estimulante, desafiante)
• Fail: (suspender)
• Fulfil: (satisfacer)
• Get something right: (hacer algo bien, acertar)
• Get something wrong: (hacer algo mal, equivocarse)
• Goal: (objetivo, meta)
• Motivated: (motivado)
• Overcome: (superar)
• Pass: (aprobar)
• Put pressure on: (presionar)
• Satisfying: (gratificante)
• Success: Make it
• Strength: (virtud)
• Under pressure: (presionante)
• Weakness: (debilidad)
• Naturally: Gifted
• Lorry: Truck
• Tiny: Very small
• A visit: A trip

The World of Work

• Ad, Advert: (anuncio)
• Applicant: (candidato)
• Application form: (solicitud, formulario)
• Apply for: (pedir para trabajar)
• Boss: (jefe)
• Employer: (empleador)
• Experience
• Fill something in: (rellenar algo)
• Full-time ≠ Part-time
• Interview:

Rafael Alberti: Themes and Style

Rafael Alberti's unique form of communication conveys vital experiences. Nostalgia allows him to evoke a lost paradise, primarily the sea of Cadiz and, subsequently, Spain. The anguish caused by these losses, coupled with a concern for social issues, led him to address contemporary Spanish reality. His work is characterized by its musicality and varied poetic meter.

Poetic Guidelines

• Neopopularismo: Based on resources and forms of traditional poetry.
• Baroque and Vanguard: Influence and significance of Gongora and the avant-garde.
• Surrealist Poetry: Evident in Sobre los ángeles (1929) and Sermones y moradas (1930).
• Social Poetry: A shift towards social concerns, highlighting the role of the poet in a society in exile.