Notes, summaries, assignments, exams, and problems for Arts and Humanities

1st. Point out the organization of the ideas of the text. A written statement of the question (Organization of the ideas of the text) should be distinguished, indicating the main idea of the proposed text and secondary or less important ideas (avoiding any purely anecdotal ideas). This should be written as a noun phrase (with its nucleus, its determinants, its adjacent appositions or your name) and not as a prayer. The main idea is what must be explained later. Authors use resources relating primarily to narrative and description to organize their texts:

• Narrative refers to matters, facts, or issues through exhibition, explanation, and argument:
  • Exposition is limited to expressing or presenting a specific question in depth.
  • Explanation deepens

Fundamental Units of Cinematic Language

Defining the Basic Elements

Frame

The basic image recorded. The continuous projection of frames (24 per second, 18 in silent films) creates the effect of movement.

Take

This is the duration from the operation of the camera ("action") until it turns off ("cut"). While often used synonymously with Shot (Plano), the correct usage refers to the recording of the action without changing the frame or the camera's position. The shot is chosen for editing.

Shot (Plano)

The basic unit of audiovisual language. It is filmed in one continuous action with a specific frame.

Scene

The unit of space-time. It is formed by the union of consecutive shots that follow a specific narrative approach.

Sequence

The unit of action, pace,

Antonio Machado: Poetic Evolution and Symbolism

Antonio Machado, a prominent figure in Spanish literature, initially published modernist verse. While influenced by Rubén Darío, his style quickly developed into a more subjective and intimate “internal flight.” He is noted for the intense emotion and profound self-analysis conveyed through his poems.

His modernist work, Soledades, Galerías y Otros Poemas (1907), primarily explores the author's existential angst. In this collection, Machado describes decadent landscapes (gardens, plazas, fountains) onto which he projects his mood, sometimes engaging in a dialogue that receives no response.

Machado's Poetic Symbols of Anxiety

Machado uses a series of symbols to translate that anxiety:

• The evening,

Linguistic Features of Literary Language in Postwar Spanish Novels

The narrator is fully aware of rural life, and orality predominates in the writing. There is precision and clarity in the descriptions, and there are moments of intense lyricism. There is a lack of punctuation and the presence of a kind of refrain. Resources are used for conveying feelings of affection or tenderness. Verbs are used for dialogue introducers. The style sometimes uses verbal nominal ellipsis and hyperbole. There are many examples of literary similes or comparisons. Dialogue includes colloquial language forms: pronouns are used to call attention to the direct style of courtesy formulas. Formulas become formulas of submission, impersonal expression, and euphemisms.... Continue reading "Spanish Postwar Literature: Trends and Characteristics" »

Spanish Literature: 18th and 19th Centuries

Historical and Social Context

1789 - Revolutionary Situation

Economic downturn in France led to widespread discontent. In Spain, the death of Carlos V triggered the War of Succession. The 19th century saw political shifts and economic transformations initiated by the Industrial Revolution.

1808 - Napoleonic Invasion

Napoleon invaded Spain, leading to the War of Independence. In 1814, Fernando VII rejected the constitution, restoring absolute monarchy. From 1833 to 1868, liberals returned to power.

Neoclassicism (Enlightenment Thinking)

Neoclassicism affirmed the power of reason, placing humanity at the center of the world and reviving Greco-Roman art.

• Fable: Personified animals with a didactic and moralistic

Morphology and Word Formation

Word Derivation

Derivation is made up of a lexeme plus a prefix or suffix, or both. Examples include:

• Prefixes: infra (housing market), hyper, hypo (tense)
• Suffixes: mod ut ia (joy), dent ist, bear (grip), visi ble

Composition

Composition is the union of two lexemes, where each retains its own meaning. These can be written as one word or two words:

• Scarecrow
• Tooth-pullers
• Sharpener
• Dark green
• Dropper

Parasintesis

Parasintesis is composed of two lexemes plus a suffix or a prefix and a suffix (a combination of composition and derivation). Examples: bottom neighborhood, angry, belittle.

Semantics and Morphemes

Semantics is the study of words and their meaning. Key components include:

• Lexeme and Morpheme
• Derivative Morphemes: prefix,

Baroque Painting: General Characteristics

Baroque painting is defined by a strong desire for naturalism, a taste for movement, and spectacular effects. This commitment to representing reality as accurately as possible led painters to embrace subjects like still lifes and focus intensely on human expression. The study of expression was a major concern for the Baroque painter; characters are often shown laughing or shouting as reflections of their state of mind.

Key Features of Baroque Composition

• Dramatic Composition: The need to contemplate celestial glories often results in showy and dramatic compositions.
• Movement and Diagonals: The movement of the composition is intensified by the desire to create great diagonal lines.
• Light: Great importance

Cultural Myths: Their Meaning and Impact on Society

Myth: According to Gatti, a myth is a collective construction. It is society at large that gives this account a place of value and provokes its preeminence. We see an effect of approximation and belonging among those who recognize it as such. The man and the myth provide the processing unit that comprehends reality around them. That is, no man can know only things that relate directly to him, but they may contain, as added value, the comprehension of beings, and so humans understand reality in their lives.

Two Definitions of Myth According to Sullivan

According to Sullivan, there are two definitions:

1. A myth is a chain of concepts that enjoy high acceptance. A cultural framework allows members

The objectives of this research report are twofold: to make findings public and to report on empirical observations, ensuring linearity and absence of noise. The language used must be clear, concise, simple, impersonal, and maintain a detached tone.

Characteristics of a Research Report

Report Structure

1. Title

Maintain neutrality in the title.

2. First Page

• Name of the research center
• End date (month/year)

3. Table of Contents

4. Introduction

State the reasons for the study, define its scope (time and place), and outline the report's chapters. Include acknowledgments in the final lines.

5. Broader Context

Position the research within its specific social context. Tracing the phenomenon's evolution may require historical perspective.

6. Methodology

This section... Continue reading "Crafting Effective Research Reports: Structure and Content" »

Critique of Society's Flaws

The author aimed to express a protest against the hypocritical and bourgeois society, exalting its vitality while criticizing the greed and ambition of individuals solely focused on personal enrichment, who lawfully manipulated the weaker. This critique highlights how criminals succeed in society, while the humble and good-hearted fail, as exemplified by Don Victor, while Mesía remains unscathed.

The Pervasive Moral Vacuum

From a moral standpoint, the novel reveals a misrepresentation of ethical values. The moral vacuum permeates all social classes, but it is most clearly reflected within the aristocracy. At the home of the Marquis de Vegallana, a moral code of conduct is established that does not tolerate carelessness.... Continue reading "The Moral Vacuum: Realism in 19th Century Spanish Society" »