Notes, summaries, assignments, exams, and problems for Arts and Humanities

Modernism emerged in the final years of the nineteenth century in Europe and America. This period saw emerging fin de siècle trends of thought that sought to renew the social and political landscape, as well as artistic tastes, challenging prevailing movements like Realism and Naturalism. Initially, the term "modernist" carried a derogatory connotation, used by those opposed to these new developments. However, it eventually came to designate, without any negative implication, the proponents of this innovative trend. The leading figure of Modernism is the Nicaraguan poet Rubén Darío.

The characteristic features of Modernism encompass both its thematic concerns and its distinctive style. Generally, Modernists sought harmony, wholeness, and... Continue reading "Modernism: Origins, Themes, and Poetic Style" »

The Life and Philosophical Journey of Friedrich Nietzsche

Friedrich Nietzsche was born into a family closely associated with Christianity; his father was a pastor. He received training at the famous school Schulpforta and developed an early interest in music. A series of debilitating diseases began early in his life and persisted until his death.

He began studying philology and later discovered Arthur Schopenhauer, who fascinated him. He obtained the chair of philology at a young age and befriended Richard Wagner, though they later broke their friendship. His illness forced him to abandon his academic post and begin a life as a wandering traveler, accompanied by his chronic ailments. On the banks of a lake in Switzerland, he received inspiration... Continue reading "The Four Stages of Friedrich Nietzsche's Philosophy" »

General Documentation: The Oath of the Horatii

Artist: Jacques-Louis David
Date: 1784
Style: Neoclassicism
Medium: Oil on canvas (3.3 x 4.25 meters)
Location: Louvre Museum, Paris

The Roman Legend and Theme

The painting depicts a legend from early Rome: three brothers (the Horatii) stand before their father, Horatius, swearing their allegiance to the state and their willingness to die to defend it.

Historical Context

The work was completed just before the French Revolution. It reflects the growing discontent of the imaginary bourgeoisie with the corruption of the court and the government of the absolutist monarchs Louis XIV and Louis XVI. The desire to follow the classic model of the Romans—emphasizing civic virtue and sacrifice—was strong. David... Continue reading "Analyzing David's Oath of the Horatii: Neoclassicism and Revolution" »

Architect: Victor Horta

Structural and Decorative Elements

The fine iron columns supporting the structure combine with decorative elements. The capitals are full of imagination and creativity. The ceiling beams, made of iron, are clearly visible, serving as another integral element of the overall design.

Exterior and Interior Spaces

The front facade is narrow and simple, featuring glass that imparts a sinuous quality. The windows are separated by stone columns and a small, unusual metal grate.

Great importance is given to the glass in the treatment of the balconies.

The floor plan is narrow and almost rectangularly elongated. The distribution across the three floors is determined by the scale of the entrance hall.

Ornamentation and Function

The decorative... Continue reading "Victor Horta's Architectural Masterpiece: Art Nouveau Design" »

Understanding Advertising

Advertising is a component of various marketing activities, specifically promotion. It serves to communicate the message of an identified sponsor to a specific audience, using paid, impersonal, and far-reaching media such as television, radio, print media, and the internet, among others, in order to achieve set objectives.

Advertising vs. Publicity/Propaganda

Propaganda is regarded as work done to spread an idea and is usually free, while advertising is a set of paid activities used by a company to win and increase their clientele.

Key Features of Advertising

The primary feature of advertising is communication.

The Communication Process

Communication is a process that consists of a set of elements:

• Issuer: The source of communication.

Marketing communication is a function aimed at informing about the existence and characteristics of a product or brand, highlighting the value it provides and its advantages over competing products to persuade the customer to buy.

Advertising

Advertising is a form of impersonal, massive communication paid for by the company. It uses mass media to transmit messages that promote products and build brands. Advertising, adaptable to different groups through various media, is the most appropriate instrument to reach a mass audience. The main downside is the high cost.

An advertisement should be designed to capture the audience's attention, arouse their interest and desire for what is communicated, and generate the expected action from the receiver.... Continue reading "Key Marketing Communication Methods" »

Fundamentals of Audiovisual Media and Communication

Audiovisual media involves storing and disseminating communication information. Social media broadcasts messages to a large number of people.

Characteristics of Mass Communication

• Propagation of unidirectional messages.
• By Channel: Print or electronic.
• For Reception: Visual, auditory, or audiovisual.

Media Combination and Influence

Media utilizes a combination of codes:

• Verbal Code: Words.
• Sound Code: Music and sound.
• Visual Code: Images.

These elements influence our conception of reality and our opinion.

Key Media Characteristics

• Simultaneity: Both in broadcasting and in reception.
• Representation of Reality: Subjectivity is inherent.

The press aims to inform and entertain.

Major Audiovisual Media Types

Radio,... Continue reading "Fundamentals of Communication, Media, and Grammar" »

Realism: Literary Movement and Characteristics

Realism is the expression of the dominant mentality of the liberal bourgeoisie era. It primarily adopted the novel form because the characteristics of this literary movement were best suited to it, although poetry and theater also saw significant growth.

In Spain, Don Quixote by Miguel de Cervantes is often cited as a precursor to the movement.

Key Features of Realism

• Observation of Reality: The mentality of the time prioritized the rational analysis of reality, excluding concepts inherited from Romanticism.
• Plausibility: The literary work must construct a narrative similar to the real world. The novel emphasizes the description of space, characters, and daily events.
• Tendency toward Objectivity: The

Salvador Dalí and The Great Masturbator (1929)

The painting The Great Masturbator (Dalí) is considered one of the artist's first essential Surrealist works. It features a central element—a box-like rock formation—containing many symbols that Dalí frequently repeated throughout his career. This composition reflects the relationship Dalí established with the Surrealist painters among its members.

Style and Technique: Oniric Surrealism

The style employed is known as Oniric Surrealism. Dalí used a mixture of bright colors and precise drawing, rendering objects, landscapes, and figures with almost photographic realism. He sought to establish new relationships between the dream state and hallucination.

• Influences: The artist was initially influenced

The Novecentismo Novel: Gabriel Miró and Ramón Pérez de Ayala

The novelists of the Generation of '14 can be split into two lines: those continuing narrative modes of earlier stages, such as Concha Espina and Ricardo León, and those seeking renewal, such as Miró and Pérez de Ayala. Other authors are Fernández Flórez, a master of the comic novel, and Benjamín Jarnés, who reduces the action to a minimum. These authors have in common the overcoming of narrative and stylistic patterns of Realism, though they follow different paths: one through lyricism; another through irony and humor; in other cases, through the intellectualism of the approach; and sometimes by means of dehumanization, which meant the "lack of interest in human vicissitude"... Continue reading "Novecentismo Novelists: Gabriel Miró and Ramón Pérez de Ayala" »