Invention by experience

Psychology- (Wilhelm Wundt)- Scientific study of mind and behavior. (book- Principles of Physiological Psychology)

Consciousness- a person’s subjective experience of the world and the mind.

Structuralism- the analysis of the basic elements that constitute the mind. 

Behavior- observable actions of a human or animal.

Philosophers- do not draw conclusions or seek truth by examining observable events (empiricism) but rather by using rationalism -- drawing conclusion by reasoning and logic.

Nativism-(Plato)- The philosophical view that certain kinds of knowledge are innate or hidden.

Philosophical Empiricism-(Aristotle)- All knowledge is acquired through experience.  Mind is a blank slate.

Phrenology- (Franz Joseph Gall)- Discredited theory that specific mental abilities and characteristics, ranging from memory to the capacity for happiness, are localized in specific regions of the brain.

Physiology- The study of biological processes, especially in the human body.

Functionalism- (William James)- The study of how mental processes enable people to adapt to their environments.

Natural Selection- (Charles Darwin)- features that help and organism survive are more likely to be passed on.

Sigmund Freud- patient’s problems could be traced back to childhood trauma.

Psychoanalysis- Bringing unconscious material into conscious awareness to better understand psychological behavior. 

Humanistic Psychology- (Maslow & Rogers)- An approach to understanding human nature that emphasizes the positive potential of human beings. Man is center of all reality.

 Abraham Maslow- self-actualization- food, water->safety-> belonging-> self-esteem-> self-actualization / Carl Rogers- self disclosure -answers to problems are within you.

Evolutionary Psychology- explains mind and behavior in terms of the adaptive value of abilities that are preserved over time by natural selection. Functions change as we pass time.

Cultural Psychology- study of how cultures reflect and shape the psychological processes of their members (personalities). Belief system. Personal values.

Absolutism- culture has no influence.

Relativism- culture has influence.

Cognitive Psychology- The scientific study of mental processes including perception, thought, memory, and reasoning.

Critical thinking- uses one’s mind.

Replicate- do again.

Empiricism- Accurate knowledge can be acquired through observations.

Survey- Data collection tool used to gather information about individuals. 

Case study- Start with one small unit then move to larger numbers.

BF skinner- Reinforcing behavior. What works you repeat.

Scientific Method- Procedure for finding truth by using empirical evidence (observations).

Naturalistic observations- gathering scientific information by observing people in their natural environment.