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THE RUSSIAN REVOLUTION/The February Revolution of 1917. The fall of tsarismOn 23 February 1917, there was a large demonstration in

Petrograd (present-day St. Petersburg), followed by a general strike and riots in the barracks. The tsar abdicated and a republic was  proclaimed. It was headed by a provisional government, which  promised to call constituent elections to make Russia a   parliamentary democracy.The new government, dominated by the bourgeois parties (Kadet  and Esers) initiated a series of political and social reforms. However,  they also decided to remain committed to their allies in the war.This made it difficult to improve the living conditions of the   population and implement the anticipated land reform.Popular discontent grew, and the Soviets, who wanted to withdraw from the war, began to demand the dismissaL of the  government. The forces that had united to end the tsar's rule began to break up, and a duality of power emerged that challenged the provisional government and the Soviets.The October Revolution brings the Bolsheviks to powerBy then, most of the Soviets supported the Bolsheviks. Their leader, Lenin, returned to Russia from exile, and published his new ideas in the April Theses. He wanted to establish a government of worker and peasant Soviets and to sign a peace treaty with Germany. He advocated distributing the land among the peasants, giving workers control of the factories, nationalising the banks and recognising the nationalities of the Russian Empire. The Bolsheviks, with the support of the Soviets, had created their own armed militia, theRed Guards, and prepared for an insurrection on 25 October 1917. The rebels occupied Petrograd, took the Winter Palace and overthrew the provisional governmment. The revolution quickly spread to Moscow and industrial regions.The Second All-Russian Congress of Soviets, which met in Petrograd, proclaimed a workers' government led by Lenin, which included Trotsky and Stalin.In November 1917, elections were held for the Constituent Assembly, convened by the provisional government. The Bolsheviks got only 25% of the seats, although they won a majority in cities and  industrial regions. Fearing that groups opposing the revolution could  take over the Duma, Lenin dissolved the Assembly and put an end to  political pluralism in the new Soviet Russia. The new government  decreed the first revolutionary measures: land was expropriated to distribute among the peasants, and workers' committees were given control of factories. In the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk with Germany (1918), Russia accepted territorial losses in exchange for peace.The Civil War and formation of the ussr In early 1918. Those who supported the return of tsarism (Indowners, army officers and privileged groups) or the maintenance of a liberal political system (the bourgeoisie) took up arms against the Soviet government. With the help of French, British, Japanese and American troops, the White Army confronted the Red Army, which was led by Trotsky and the Bolsheviks.The Civil War lasted three years and brought great misery to the pecWe, who suffered food shortages and a high number of casualties. H 1921. The Red Army won the war. The conflict had contributed significantly to the hardening of the Soviet regime,