Notes, summaries, assignments, exams, and problems for Vocational training

The Russian Revolution: February to October 1917

It began in February as an uprising against Tsarist absolutism, but culminated in the world's first socialist revolution. Russia moved from autocracy to socialism in only seven months, without giving time for the establishment of a liberal regime. The year 1917 started as a movement of few, but very active, militants. Their prestige rose in the months following; the bond between the popular classes and the party grew. A month after the overthrow of the Czar, the principal leader, Lenin, had returned to Russia from exile in Switzerland. Germany allowed his passage and that of other socialist leaders, knowing that the pacifist positions of the Bolsheviks could benefit them.

Lenin's Return and the

Previous Concepts

Stress: The applied force per unit area.

Elongation: Deformation of a material under the action of a force.

Reduction in Area: The decrease in cross-sectional area.

General Properties

• Impenetrability: The volume occupied by a body cannot be occupied by another simultaneously.
• Severability: Divisible parts can be increasingly smaller.
• Porosity: Having pores.
• Compressibility: The ability of bodies to decrease their volume by applying pressure.
• Affinity: The force that unites similar materials.
• Adhesion: Attraction established between bodies whose surfaces are in contact.
• Solubility: The ability to dissolve and disperse within a liquid.
• Specific Gravity: The ratio of a body's weight to the weight of an equal volume of a reference substance.

Understanding Problems and Resolution Phases

A problem is a situation where you must overcome an obstacle that was not anticipated. Problems differ in complexity and difficulty, determined by the difference between expectation and reality.

Phases of Problem Resolution

• Phrasing and specification of the problem.
• Production of hypotheses about possible causes.
• Practice (implementation) of the solution.
• Evaluation of results.

Root Cause Analysis: The Fishbone Diagram

The Cause-Effect Diagram (or Fishbone Diagram, also known as the Ishikawa Diagram) is a technique that helps identify, sort, and highlight the possible causes of problems.

Advantages of the Fishbone Diagram

• Allows the group to concentrate on the content of the problem, eliminating secondary

Poet and Priest: The Life of Jacint Verdaguer

In 1870, Jacint Verdaguer was ordained as a priest, a role he combined with his extensive literary work and ecclesiastical activity. Amidst a national and religious movement to recover the signs of Catalan identity, Verdaguer felt deeply influenced by Christian legends and other mythical traditions that resonated with his poetic temperament.

In 1874, while undergoing medical treatment, he was offered the possibility to serve as a ship's chaplain for the Transatlantic Company. Traveling the routes of the West Indies, Cuba, and Puerto Rico, this experience provided the options to polish his first major literary continuation: L'Atlàntida (Atlantis), which he finished in 1876.

Literary Success and Social

Biological Evolution and Stages of Development

Velocity Training Focus by Age

The old school of thought relates velocity training primarily to the development of coordination and strength. Speed training should commence at early ages; the period between 7 and 13 years is considered the most favorable for sensitive work on gestural movement frequency and speed.

• Early Puberty: A temporary drop in performance often occurs due to speed discoordination.
• 15 to 17 Years: This period is adequate for working on specific execution techniques.
• 18 to 23 Years: Displacement speed continues to increase, reaching its maximum.
• 23 to 35 Years: Further performance improvements are possible.

Speed Training Methods: Principles and Recommendations

Effective speed training... Continue reading "Optimizing Athletic Speed: Biological Development and Training Methods" »

Plato's Theory of Reminiscence: Anamnesis

The theory of reminiscence or anamnesis is a Platonic conception according to which knowledge is recalled. Plato advocates an anthropological dualism, i.e., that the individual is composed of a body and a soul. The body is material, corruptible, mortal, and is part of the world of sensible objects. The soul is the immaterial part of the human being; it is immortal and is attached to the body accidentally.

The Soul and the World of Ideas

The theory of reminiscence defends the argument that the soul lives without the body in the World of Ideas. While there, it collects different ideas and their relationships. Once the soul is embodied, it forgets that knowledge; however, thanks to the intervention of a teacher,... Continue reading "Plato's Theory of Reminiscence and the Dialectic Method" »

Parameters of Light Sources

The common parameters of light sources include luminous flux, mean and useful life, mortality, and distribution of light intensity. Lamps must comply with specific electrical characteristics:

• Voltage and Current Ratings
• Starting Current and Ignition Voltage
• Voltage values of Reactance and Impedance

Luminous Flux, Depreciation, and Lamp Life

The light output of lamps, after the first 100 hours of operation, must not be less than 90% of the nominal light specified in the manufacturer's catalog. Luminous depreciation shall not exceed 5% (meaning the output must be at least 95%).

Average lamp life is the arithmetic mean of the operating hours of all lamps, representing a statistical value. Useful life is the number of hours... Continue reading "Essential Parameters and Auxiliary Gear for Light Sources" »

Remuneration and Social Security in Spain

Assessing In-Kind Compensation

Housing:

• 10% of the property's rateable value.
• 5% over the revised rateable value (effective from January 1, 1994).
• 5% over 50% of the wealth tax value if no rateable value exists.

Vehicle:

• Delivery: Purchase cost, including taxes.
• Use: 20% of cost and charges, or if not owned, the market value of a new equivalent vehicle.

Other In-Kind Payments:

• Loans with sub-legal interest rates: The difference between the actual and legal interest.
• Meals, lodging, travel, and tourism: Employer's cost, including taxes.
• Insurance premiums and fees: Employer's cost, including taxes.
• Worker's study costs: Employer's cost, including taxes.
• Pension plan contributions and liabilities: Full amount.
• Other:

History of Computers: The Mechanical Age

Initially, what could be called Generation 0 consisted of mechanical calculating machines. An evolution of these mechanical machines, which still exist today, includes the following components:

• Input Devices: Facilitate the necessary instructions for operations and data entry.
• Memory: Stores entered data and intermediate results of operations.
• Control Unit: Monitors the execution of operations in the proper sequence.
• Arithmetic-Logic Unit: Responsible for carrying out the operations for which the machine has been scheduled.
• Output Devices: Transmit the results of calculations externally.

Punched Cards

Herman Hollerith conceived punched cards to hold information of people surveyed and built a machine for census... Continue reading "Evolution of Computing: From Mechanical Origins to AI" »

The Revolutions of 1830

The second revolutionary wave occurred between 1829 and 1839, affecting all of Western Europe. It was characterized by the significant intervention of the masses. The revolution of 1830 marked the final defeat of aristocratic power and the collapse of the Restoration system in Western Europe, where the moderate bourgeoisie, favoring liberalism, emerged as the primary winner and consolidated its power. In Eastern Europe, most revolutions failed, and the economy remained tied to absolute monarchy.

The French Revolution of 1830

Also known as the July Revolution, this uprising took place in Paris on July 27, 28, and 29, 1830, causing the downfall of Charles X of France. In the preceding years, there was considerable political... Continue reading "The Revolutions of 1830 and 1848: Impact on European History" »