Notes, summaries, assignments, exams, and problems for Vocational training

Audit Planning: Process and Objectives

Audit planning is the action plan that determines the procedures necessary to achieve the audit objectives. It is achieved by testing to obtain evidence to support the auditor's opinion, taking into account materiality and audit risk.

Audit Planning Process

During the planning process, the auditor should consider, among other things:

• A) An adequate understanding of the entity's business, the sector in which it operates, and the nature of its transactions.
• B) The procedures and accounting principles applied by the company, the consistency with which they are applied, and the accounting systems for recording transactions.
• C) The degree of efficiency and reliability initially expected of internal control systems.

Effective Negotiation Strategies and Tactics

Common Negotiation Strategies

• Imposition: I Win-You Lose
• Collaboration: I Win-You Win
• Compromise or Transaction: I Lose-You Lose
• Evasion
• Accommodation: I Lose-You Win

Tactics for Information Preparation

Key tactics for preparing arguments include the secret letter, soaking the ground, the red herring, psychological warfare, anchoring, and direct assault.

Tactics for Argumentation

Common methods used to argue include salami, conciliation, compromise, know-nothing, haggling, good cop/bad cop, and painless delivery.

Tactics for Difficult Situations

Strategies to handle challenging scenarios: change of subject, avoiding the false lure, guilt, sphinx, broken record, judo, bulldog, break, and limited resources.

Item

Item 11 of Prevention Management

1. Risk Assessment

It is a process to detect and estimate the magnitude of all risks in the company, determining which can be removed and acting on those that have not been avoided.

To perform the risk assessment is a systematic analysis of all aspects of the workplace, taking into account:

• The nature of the company's activity.
• The nature and number of exposed workers.

1.1. Risk Analysis

1. Identify the hazard.
2. Describe the risk.
3. Estimate the Risk:
   • High probability: the damage will occur always or almost always.
   • Average probability: the damage will occur occasionally.
   • Low probability: the damage will occur rarely.

1.2. Risk Evaluation

Consists of issuing an opinion on the tolerability of risk, based on previous studies. When... Continue reading "Effective Risk Management and Prevention in the Workplace" »

Electrical Switching Devices and Components

Switching Device Definitions

Manual Switches

Manual Switches: A switching device with the capacity to interrupt or complete a circuit while under load.

Simple Switch

Switch: A switching device that opens and closes circuits without breaking them in a vacuum. Its primary function is to isolate a section of the power supply wiring to facilitate repairs and maintenance.

Circuit Breakers

Circuit Breaker: A switching device whose main function is to open a circuit under abnormal conditions (such as overload or short circuit). Note: They are often misused to manually disconnect loads.

Circuit breakers are also used as protection devices against indirect contact related to grounding. They shut down the system before... Continue reading "Electrical Switching Devices: Types and Functions" »

Electrical Contacts in Control Circuits

Contacts are designed to provide feedback, signaling, and interlocking for contactors and work processes. They are generally used in services involving inductive loads and low current flows. They are categorized into two main types:

• Instantaneous Contacts: These provide immediate feedback, signaling, and interlocking for contactors to perform work processes. These contacts come in two types:
  • Normally Open (NO): Also known as a work contact, this auxiliary contact closes the circuit when its operating coil is energized.
  • Normally Closed (NC): Also known as a rest contact, this auxiliary contact opens the circuit when its operating coil is energized.

Dual-Effect Push Buttons

This component has two contacts: one... Continue reading "Function of Contacts, Relays, and Switches in Control Circuits" »

Brightness Regulation

The brightness control is one of the most sought comfort functions for users of home automation, allowing you to play with the amount of light emitted by one or more lamps in a room, creating light environments manually or automatically.

The Dimmer

A dimmer is an electronic actuator that regulates the supply voltage to a lamp to achieve different light levels. In the market, models are available for universal box assembly, in manholes, in false ceilings, and modules for DIN rail. Regulators can be used with incandescent lamps, LED, and halogen lamps. They are not effective with energy-saving lamps and fluorescent lamps. Depending on how regulators apply the signal, they can be:

• In direct connection to the receiver: The controller

Residue Definitions

Residue (Generic): Any product in solid, liquid, or gas form from an extraction, processing, or use process that is worthless to the owner, who decides to discard it.

Residue (Legal): Any substance or object belonging to any of the categories listed in the annex to this law, which the holder discards or intends or is required to discard. This consideration also applies to items listed in the European Waste Catalogue (EWC), approved by Community institutions.

Urban and Municipal Waste

Urban and Municipal Waste: Waste generated in private homes, commercial establishments, offices, and service industries, and those that do not have hazardous classifications, which by their nature and composition can be likened to waste produced... Continue reading "Essential Waste Management Terms & Definitions" »

Business Purchasing Types and Negotiable Factors

Types of Purchases

• Cyclic Purchases: These are routine purchases performed regularly. Examples include assets acquired that are not material to the company's formation, such as a special toothpaste, or a computer for the company. Buyers are typically represented and advised by a team of people.
• Seasonal Purchases: These are made with seasonal produce, and sales often relate to the previous period's temporary demand for particular products. A classic example is Christmas nougat.
• Immediate Purchases: These serve daily needs and represent low-risk investments, such as milk or bread.
• Opportunity Purchases: These occur when prices are low, and the buyer is not actively looking to buy. While investment

Understanding Transport Contracts and Shipping Documents

Domestic vs. International Transport

Transport is categorized as either domestic or international. Domestic transport occurs when both the origin and destination of the goods are located within the same country (e.g., Spain). In contrast, international transport takes place when either the origin or the destination is located outside the country.

Consignment Notes and Transport Models

While there is no specific mandatory format for a consignment note, a Ministerial Decree regulating transport contracts has proposed two primary models:

• Full Freight Transport

  In this model, the entire vehicle is hired to perform a single transport service between a sender and a receiver. The carrier typically

Stock Valuation

Purchase price and manufacturing cost: Purchase Price: This is the cost that includes the supplier's price and all additional costs incurred until the merchandise is in the buyer's stock. These expenses are:

• Transportation: the cost of transporting goods to the warehouse. This expenditure is called postage or freight. Also, include the costs of loading and unloading if these are borne by the carrier.
• Insurance: The goods to be transported can be insured to prevent possible incidents: breakage, shortages, accidents, etc. According to the market value, the insurance premium will be higher or lower.
• Packaging: the cost of the goods' packaging.
• Customs duties: when the goods come from a non-EU country, you may have to pay tariffs (taxes)