Notes, summaries, assignments, exams, and problems for Vocational training

Understanding the Pay Stub (Payroll Receipt)

Essential Payroll Details

The pay stub contains details regarding the company, the worker, and the payment period. It must also include the signatures of the employee and the company representative. At the end of the form, the levels of contribution to Social Security (SS) and the tax retention base must be specified.

Perceptions: Wage and Non-Wage Components

Perceptions are the total amounts received by the worker, categorized into wage and non-wage components.

Wage Perceptions

These include:

• Base Salary
• Wage Supplements (e.g., seniority, overtime)
• Wages in Kind

Non-Wage Perceptions

These are amounts received in addition to the wage, often covering expenses or compensation:

• Reimbursement of expenses to the

Stock Valuation

Purchase price and manufacturing cost: Purchase Price: This is the cost that includes the supplier's price and all additional costs incurred until the merchandise is in the buyer's stock. These expenses are:

• Transportation: the cost of transporting goods to the warehouse. This expenditure is called postage or freight. Also, include the costs of loading and unloading if these are borne by the carrier.
• Insurance: The goods to be transported can be insured to prevent possible incidents: breakage, shortages, accidents, etc. According to the market value, the insurance premium will be higher or lower.
• Packaging: the cost of the goods' packaging.
• Customs duties: when the goods come from a non-EU country, you may have to pay tariffs (taxes)

8.1 The Salary

The salary is the total economic benefit of workers, in cash or in kind, provided through employment services, regardless of the form of compensation or rest periods associated with work. Not every amount received by the worker's salary is considered: amounts received by the employee in compensation or supplements, benefits or compensation from social security (SS), transfers, suspensions, or dismissals. Remuneration Salary: includes weekly rest, holidays (whether recoverable or not), annual leave, and rest periods during the day. Therefore, benefits that are considered salary include: basic salary and allowances. Fringe Perceptions: are non-wage benefits, such as compensation or supplements for expenses, benefits or compensation... Continue reading "Understanding Salary Structures and Payment Criteria" »

ICT's Impact on Business Innovation

Information and Communication Technologies (ICT) have driven significant advances that reshape how businesses operate and innovate. Key developments include:

• Computers: A Business Revolution

  The rapid advancement of computer technology has revolutionized daily life and fundamentally changed business operations. Today, it is almost unthinkable for any company, regardless of size, not to utilize computers. This adoption leads to significant savings in both money and time, and the use of advanced software serves as a powerful competitive weapon for many organizations.

• The Internet: Information and Opportunity

  The internet revolution provides an impressive amount of information. The challenge for businesses lies in

Euribor

Euribor, an acronym for European Interbank Offered Rate, or European interbank offered rate, is the interest rate applied to transactions between banks in Europe. It represents the percentage rate a bank pays when another bank lends it money. This index is computed from the offer prices of the loans made to each of 64 major European banks. For example, 1.243%.

Simple and Compound Interest

• Simple: Characterized by the interest generated in each time period not accumulating to the capital. Consequently, the interest for the next period is always calculated on the initial capital.
• Compound: Characterized by the interest generated in each period being accumulated to the capital prior to calculating interest for the following period.

Discounting

Item 11 of Prevention Management

1. Risk Assessment

It is a process to detect and estimate the magnitude of all risks in the company, determining which can be removed and acting on those that have not been avoided.

To perform the risk assessment is a systematic analysis of all aspects of the workplace, taking into account:

• The nature of the company's activity.
• The nature and number of exposed workers.

1.1. Risk Analysis

1. Identify the hazard.
2. Describe the risk.
3. Estimate the Risk:
   • High probability: the damage will occur always or almost always.
   • Average probability: the damage will occur occasionally.
   • Low probability: the damage will occur rarely.

1.2. Risk Evaluation

Consists of issuing an opinion on the tolerability of risk, based on previous studies. When... Continue reading "Effective Risk Management and Prevention in the Workplace" »

Frequency Distribution

1) Loose Data: Data collected that has not been organized numerically. For example, heights of males and females obtained from a survey, arranged alphabetically.

2) Ordination: An arrangement of numerical data in ascending or descending order. The difference between the largest and smallest number is called the data range.

Example:

Data Management Data Range
2.1 1 A: 10 to 1
7.6 2 R: 9
4.9 4
8.10 6 R: range of the data.
7
8
9
10

3) Frequency Distribution: When dealing with large amounts of loose data, it's useful to distribute them into classes or categories and determine the number of individuals belonging to each category, often called a class.

A tabular distribution of data by type or category with its corresponding... Continue reading "Understanding Frequency Distributions: Data Organization" »

Maese Pérez: The Humble Blind Organist

Maese Pérez was a blind organist and very humble. He had no relatives other than his daughter, and no friend other than his instrument. He spent his entire life maintaining the integrity of his music and composing new pieces. He played his favorite instrument so well that the Archbishop of Seville asked him to play at the cathedral, especially during the *Midnight Mass* (Misa del Gallo). The organist always performed well, but one particular night was a true prodigy.

The Organist's Last Request

It was the night of the *Midnight Mass*. The Mass was scheduled to begin, but several minutes passed without Maese Pérez appearing. A family reported that he had fallen gravely ill. A man who could play the organ... Continue reading "The Blind Organist of Seville: Maese Pérez's Devotion" »

Personal Narratives and Language Practice

A Countryside Hike Gone Wrong

Ten years ago, I went on holiday to a house in the country with some friends. One day, we decided to go for a walk near the house. At first, it was sunny. We walked and chatted. It was perfect. After two hours, we came to a beach, but we didn't know where we were.

Suddenly, it got very cold, and it started to snow. We walked and we walked. Three hours later, we found a road. We walked along the road and eventually, we came to a pub. It was seven o'clock at night. We stayed in the pub. Someone drove us home in the morning.

Jorge's Personal Profile

My name is Jorge, and I'm 27 years old. I've got short, spiky hair and brown eyes. I'm 1.74 meters tall and I'm quite muscular. I... Continue reading "Life's Defining Moments: Travel, Music, and Personal Journeys" »

Descriptive Statistics

Classification and description of a dataset.

Statistical Inference

Interpreting results using descriptive techniques for decision-making.

Statistic

A numerical summary or descriptive feature of a total sample of research.

Frequency Polygon

A line graph usually plotted on a frequency histogram.

Experiment

A controlled procedure carried out to determine, demonstrate, or test a hypothesis; a process that yields an outcome.

Median

The midpoint of a data set.

Probability

Measures or quantitatively determines the possibility that an event occurs.

Objective Probability

Probability obtained through numerical calculations or empirical observations.

Classic Approach

Assumes that all events are equally likely to occur.

Event

A possible outcome or... Continue reading "Essential Statistics and Probability Terms Defined" »