Notes, summaries, assignments, exams, and problems for Vocational training

Sexual Reproduction Basics

The male and female germ cells are called gametes. They have 23 pairs of chromosomes. This means 46 chromosomes. The chromosomes that make up each pair are called homologous. The sex chromosomes are referred to by the letters X and Y. The other 22 pairs of chromosomes are autosomes.

The gonads are represented by the testes in males and ovaries in females.

Male Reproductive System

The Scrotum

It is a membranous sac that hangs from the root of the penis. From the outside, it appears formed by a layer of skin, divided into two parts (right and left) by a raphe. The interior is divided by a membranous septum and a muscle called the tunica dartos muscle.

The Testicles

They are ovoid structures that are the male gonads, weighing... Continue reading "Male Reproductive Anatomy and Function" »

Respiratory System

The respiratory system is formed by the ducts through which air circulates, and by small cavities called alveoli, which are capable of entering the bloodstream. At the same time, blood circulates CO2 through the tubes of the respiratory system.

Upper Respiratory Tract

• Nose and nostrils: Two cavities located in the center of the face. Function: To warm and moisten the air.
• Pharynx: Connects the mouth with the larynx and nasal passages. It also communicates through the auditory tube. It forms part of the respiratory and digestive tracts.
• Larynx: Formed by cartilage and bone, it connects the pharynx with the trachea. It contains the vocal cords, which vibrate with airflow to produce the voice.

Lower Respiratory Tract

• Trachea: A tube

Marketing Plan Phases

A working paper that collects marketing mix performance to achieve set objectives.

1. Definition of the enterprise's mission
2. Internal and external situation analysis
3. Setting goals
4. Choice of strategy
5. Setting the agenda
6. Execution
7. Results control
8. Plan figures: Operating account

Product Concepts

Product Line and Range

Product Line: A set of articles with at least one common feature targeting a specific audience. Depth is measured by the number of products, and composition is determined by the CEO.

Product Range: The set of product lines.

Product Rating: Production, Surrogate, Complementary, Independent.

Product Tag

Increasingly important due to the support of product data (features) and manufacturer information.

• Expiration date
• Lot
• Place of origin
• List

Almohad Architectural Features

Entrance and Patio Design

Horseshoe arches mark the entrance. Capitals from the Caliphate period are reused in the portico.

The patio design consolidates architectural principles that would be repeated in Nasrid art.

In the middle is a circular ditch with a fountain. Above, there are four walkways, and in the spaces below, aromatic shrubs and flowers are planted.

To the sides, there are two symmetrical porches, and in front of the portico was a tiny ditch with two beds.

This element is part of a site undergoing reconstruction.

Almohad Military Architecture

Military architecture developed dramatically during the Almohad period and contributed significantly to the definition of architectural typologies, having a great impact... Continue reading "Architectural Legacy of the Almohads" »

Antonio Buero Vallejo's Theater

• Characters: Adopt perspectives shaped by time to confront events, aiming to provoke reflection in the audience.
• Audience Identification: Reality is presented subjectively, as the character experiences it (e.g., if a character goes blind, the lighting might reflect this).
• Detailed Stage Directions: Meticulously describes settings, gestures, movements, and character attitudes.
• Symbolism: Characters often embody symbolic meanings; for instance, blindness can represent human limitation and loneliness, while light signifies truth.

Alfonso Sastre: Squad Towards Death

His work includes Existential Drama (Escuadra hacia la muerte - Squad Towards Death), Theater of Social Complaint (Muerte en el barrio - Death in the Neighborhood,... Continue reading "Post-War Spanish Drama: Buero Vallejo and Sastre" »

Substantial Changes in Working Conditions

When justified by economic, technical, organizational, or production reasons, a company may modify working conditions such as daily hours, shift work, compensation, work systems, and performance features, provided the change exceeds functional mobility limits.

These changes must be communicated to the worker and their legal representatives at least one month in advance. If the worker disagrees, they may appeal to a labor court. Collective changes require a consultation period of at least 15 days with the workers' legal representatives before the company can notify the changes to the workers.

Suspension of Employment Contract

Concepts, Causes, and Effects

Suspension of the employment contract means a temporary... Continue reading "Changes and Suspension of Employment Contracts" »

**Factors Influencing Spanish Agriculture**

**1. Environmental Conditions**

• **Aridity:** A significant portion of Spain experiences low annual rainfall. The summer months coincide with the highest levels of evapotranspiration, further reducing water availability.
• **Temperatures:** The number of days with frost limits the cultivation of certain crops. Other plants require very hot summers. Temperature and rainfall patterns determine the suitability of different agricultural species.
• **Topography:** Topography significantly influences both climate and soil conditions.
• **Soil:** Spain features a variety of soil types. Humid regions are dominated by brown soils, with varying fertility depending on texture. In the Mediterranean climate zone, brown

Business Finance Fundamentals

Understanding business finance is crucial for long-term success.

Investments Explained

Investments: Acquiring or developing assets expected to generate future performance. Before investing, it's essential to budget, determine the payment method, project future revenue and timing, and assess profitability.

Financing Sources

Financing: Determining where the necessary funds will come from.

Financial Planning Basics

Financial Plan: Outlining where funds will be obtained and how they will be allocated.

Internal Finance Concepts

Amortization Definition

Amortization: Charging to the cost of production the loss of value of fixed assets. This loss can be due to physical aging through use or obsolescence resulting from a loss of utility.... Continue reading "Business Finance and Tax Fundamentals" »

OSI Model Essentials

The OSI model, developed by ISO, standardizes protocols dominated by TCP/IP and is crucial for network designers. It comprises seven layers for sending commands:

Application Layer

Provides user access to the OSI environment and distributed information services.

Presentation Layer

Ensures application processes are independent of data representation differences.

Session Layer

Manages communication between applications, establishing, managing, and closing connections.

Transport Layer

Ensures secure, transparent data transfer between points, including error recovery and flow control.

Network Layer

Manages switching and transmission techniques, establishing, maintaining, and closing connections at the hardware level.

Data Link Layer

Provides... Continue reading "Understanding the OSI Model: 7 Layers of Network Communication" »

Memory Modules

Small printed circuit boards built on different memory chips:

• DIMM (Dual In-Line Memory Module): Similar to the SIMM, physically larger, and have 168 contacts. They are distinguished by having a notch on both sides and two more in the row of contacts. The mounting of the sockets is different than that of the SIMM. DIMMs are found in 32, 64, 128, 256, 512 MB, and 1, 2 GB capacities.
• DIMM DDR: Has gradually replaced the standard DIMMs. It has a total of 184 pins instead of the 168-pin DIMM of SDRAM. Physically, they resemble the above but have one notch in the row of contacts.
• DIMM DDR2: Has 240 pins and a notch in a different position than DDR DIMMs.
• DIMM DDR3: Also has 240 pins but is neither physically nor electrically compatible