Notes, summaries, assignments, exams, and problems for Vocational training

Primary Causes of Social Exclusion

• Fragmentation of society: This becomes more complex due to the aging population and migration.
• New post-industrial economy: This economy gives more value to information and knowledge production; consequently, finding a steady job for young people has become slower.
• Flexibility in production processes: These create new jobs, but they are often of lower quality and more precarious.

Five Priority Areas for Social Inclusion

• Promote access to employment: This involves promoting participation in the labor market and the fight against poverty and social exclusion (this is directly related to our occupation).
• Ensure minimum economic resources.
• Achieving an equitable education.
• Support the social integration of immigrants.

Market Classification by Demand (4.2)

4.2. Market classification according to demand:

Consumer Market

Formed by all individual buyers. Final products in this market include immediate-consumption goods (non-durable goods) that are used and disappear quickly. Consumer durable products are used over time. In the services market, supply has an intangible character and is often inseparable from its production.

Organizational Market

Includes all non-individual end buyers. These may include: industrial (purchases by industries), institutional (nonprofit organizations), and intermediaries (organizations that acquire products to resell).

Market Classification by Competition

B) According to the competition:

• Perfect competition: Many buyers and sellers; no entry

Company Organization

The formal organization is the intentional setting that is made of the different tasks and responsibilities, fixing its structure so as to achieve the objectives set by the company.

The informal organization comprises a network of informal relationships that occur in the business field and have not been planned by management or established previously.

Synergy means cooperation. Synergy generates a greater overall effect than the sum of the effects that occur in each part separately.

The Division of Labor

Organizations can be hierarchically organized:

• Functional
• By product
• By markets
• Mixed

Organizations can be centralized with a hierarchical structure by levels, while non-hierarchical organizations are decentralized and have a flexible... Continue reading "Company Organization and Human Resources Management" »

What is right? It is the order in social life and society. The right is divided into two branches: public and private.

Public Law

The part of the legal system governing relations between individuals and private entities (e.g., criminal law).

Private Law

The branch of law that deals mainly with relations between individuals (e.g., civil law, private international law).

Labor Law

The rules and principles governing relations among workers and employers.

Powers and Social Groups

• Legislator: Creates law
• Executive: Government
• Judiciary: Judges

Members of Congress

Members of Congress are 350. A law always requires a majority of the Members plus one.

Types of Laws

• State Laws vs. Laws of Autonomous Communities (CCAA)
• Organic Laws vs. Ordinary Laws
• Law vs. Legislative

Operating Systems

If you have a computer, then you have heard about operating systems. Any desktop or laptop PC that you buy normally comes pre-loaded with Windows XP. Macintosh computers come pre-loaded with OS X. Many corporate servers use the Linux or UNIX operating systems. The operating system (OS) is the first thing loaded onto the computer. Without the operating system, a computer is useless. At the simplest level, an operating system does two things:

• It manages the hardware and software resources of the system. In a desktop computer, these resources include such things as the processor, memory, and disk space. On a cell phone, they include the keypad, the screen, the address book, the phone dialer, the battery, and the network connection.

The activity of monks, focused on God and the destiny of man, significantly influenced the medieval theocentric worldview.

Feudalism: Social Hierarchy of the Middle Ages

The typical social organization of the Middle Ages was feudalism, a system based on the obligation of vassals to remain loyal to their lords in exchange for land.

• Nobility: Based its influence on economic, military, and political strength. It was divided into high and low nobility, and included knights and warriors.
• Clergy: Divided into high and low clergy. The former was composed of the Church hierarchy, and the latter by common clergy or popular groups.
• Commoners (Village Level): Characterized by the absence of privileges. They constituted the largest group in society, with most

The Skeletal System: Bones and Structure

Axial Skeleton

Vertebral Column

The vertebral column, or spine, holds the skull, attaches to the ribs, protects the spinal cord, and allows for the insertion of a large number of muscles. It consists of:

• Cervical vertebrae
• Thoracic vertebrae
• Lumbar vertebrae
• Sacrum
• Coccyx

Thoracic Cage

The thoracic cage includes the ribs and sternum.

• Ribs:
  • True ribs (first 7 pairs) join directly to the sternum.
  • False ribs (next 3 pairs) join the sternum indirectly via cartilage.
  • Floating ribs (last 2 pairs) do not join the sternum.
• Sternum: Composed of 3 parts:
  • Manubrium
  • Body
  • Xiphoid process

Appendicular Skeleton

The appendicular skeleton comprises the bones of the limbs and their girdles.

• Upper Extremities:
  • Girdle: Clavicles and scapulae
  • Arm:

Value Added Tax (VAT) in Spain

What is VAT?

VAT (Value Added Tax) is an indirect tax levied on the consumption of goods and services in Spain. It applies to the delivery of goods and services but does not apply to the Canary Islands, Ceuta, or Melilla, which have their own indirect tax systems.

Taxable Events

The following are considered taxable events for VAT purposes:

• Delivery of goods and services
• Intra-community acquisitions made by employers and professionals
• Imports of goods made by entrepreneurs, professionals, and individuals

Transactions Not Subject to VAT

The following transactions are not subject to VAT:

• Provision of services arising from labor relations or administration
• Delivery of free samples without commercial value for promotional purposes
• Delivery

The Fundamentals of Banking

Banking has evolved over many years. The word banking comes from the Italian word “banco.”

Definition of a Bank

Banks are the institutions responsible for the custody, loan, or exchange of money. Money is accepted in their own current or deposit accounts.

Core Functions of Banks

The primary functions of banks include:

• Transferring funds for payments.
• Discounting drafts and bills.
• Transferring funds for investments.

Types of Bank Accounts

• When people wish to leave money with the bank for quite a long time, they put the money in a deposit account.
• When a current account is opened, the depositor receives a cheque book.

Bank Services and Payments

In a bank, customers can pay various bills and obligations, such as electricity... Continue reading "The Fundamentals of Banking: Structure, Functions, and Types" »

Institutions of the Autonomous Community (CA)

Legislative Assembly

• Members are chosen by universal suffrage.
• Functions: Budgetary control, regional government control, and selection of Autonomy senators to legislate in matters where competence is attributed.

Council of Government

• Members are called directors and are appointed by the President of the CA.

Superior Court of Justice

• It is the highest court of the community, and its jurisdiction is limited to the same territory.
• This court is integrated into chambers: civil, criminal, administrative, and social.

Constitutional Court

• Its functions include ensuring the constitutionality of laws.
• It corrects actions by the legislature, judiciary, executive, and autonomous bodies when they depart from constitutional