Notes, summaries, assignments, exams, and problems for Vocational training

Cold Climate Zones

Discover the unique characteristics of cold climate regions.

Location

• Primarily found at 60º N latitude in Eurasia and North America.
• Also present at high altitudes in more temperate latitudes and in southern Chile.

Temperature

• Winters are long and intensely cold.
• Minimum mean monthly temperatures can drop as low as -25ºC.
• Limited influence from the sea and low solar insolation.
• In areas within the North Arctic Circle, the sun may not rise for extended periods.
• Summers are short, but extended daylight hours and clear skies lead to relatively warm conditions.

Annual Precipitation

• Typically around 300 mm.
• Precipitation is light because the cold air holds limited moisture.
• Summer months may experience rainstorms.

Vegetation

• Dominated by coniferous

What is Computer-Aided Engineering (CAE)?

CAE formalizes ideas through computer modeling and then fabricates the models into real-world objects through CAD and CAM.

What is Computer-Aided Reverse Engineering (CARE)?

CARE works in the opposite direction. CARE creates a computer model of an object through measurements of the object as it exists in the real world. CARE is the reversal of CAE.

What is a Coordinate Measuring Machine (CMM)?

• Coordinate Measuring Machines (CMMs) are a practical means for characterizing and inspecting free-form surfaces.
• Coordinate Measuring Machines (CMMs) first appeared in the early 1960s.
• A CMM consists of a probe supported on three mutually perpendicular (x, y, and z) axes, and each axis has a built-in reference standard.

Forward Engineering Defined

Forward engineering is the traditional process of moving from high-level abstractions and logical designs to the physical implementation of a system.

Understanding Reverse Engineering

Reverse engineering (RE) is the process of duplicating an existing part, sub-assembly, or product without original drawings, documentation, or a computer model.

It is also defined as the process of obtaining a geometric Computer-Aided Design (CAD) model from 3-D points acquired by scanning or digitizing existing parts.

Alternative Name for Reverse Engineering

The process is often referred to as the Physical-to-Digital process.

Key Purposes of Reverse Engineering (RE)

Reverse engineering serves several critical functions, including:

• The user

Phrasal Verbs

FROM: happening. Wait FOR. Apply FOR a job. Run AWAY from home. Give UP smoking. Get ON with your sister. Break UP with your friend. Put ON weight. Figure OUT a solution. Come DOWN with a cold. Succeed IN math. Argue WITH a friend. Drop OUT of school. Speak UP at a meeting. Based ON a novel. Get AROUND by bus.

Vocabulary

Strenuous: cansat. Proper: correcte. Holy place: lloc tancat. Path: camí. Treacherous: traicionero. Shine: brilliant (glow). Sacred: santo. Protect: protegir. Very pleased: emocionant. Damage: daño. Be worth: valer la pena.

Owner: propietario. Path: camí. Refuse: desperdicios. Surrounding: rodeándola. Request: solicitud. Proper: apropiado. Stay behind: quedarse atras. Treacherous: traicionero. Come back: vuelve.... Continue reading "Phrasal Verbs, Vocabulary, and Grammar Rules" »

A

• ATTACHMENT: A file that is sent with an email.
• BANDWIDTH: A measurement of the amount of information that a computer network can send or receive. High bandwidth allows images and websites to load quickly on the Internet.
• BANNER: A rectangular graphic on a website that advertises a business.
• CASE: An enclosure that holds the computer's components.
• CODE: A set of words and symbols that give instructions to a computer.
• CONTENT: The material on a web page, including text and graphics.
• CROP: To cut off unwanted parts of an image.
• DATABASE: A large group of data organized in a computer system. It allows you to search and find information easily.
• DESKTOP: Everything that a user sees on a computer screen.
• DESKTOP COMPUTER: A computer that is small enough to

The Left-Right Political Spectrum

The origins of the left-right political division are debated. While most sources place its birth in the first weeks of the French Revolution, the exact day remains a point of disagreement.

Defining the Political Left

In political science, the Left refers to the group of people who support a doctrine or ideology that advocates progressive social and economic transformations, often standing in opposition to conservative ideas.

Being left-wing often represents a political position contrary to traditional governments and is associated with liberal ideology. The primary purpose of the Left is to reduce economic gaps between the poor and the rich, based on the belief that society should help everyone through collective... Continue reading "Political Left: Origins, Ideology, and Latin America" »

Understanding Cyber Threats and Security Measures

1. Malware: Any malicious program or code that is harmful to systems.

2. Trojan Horse: A Trojan horse is a program that appears harmless but is, in fact, malicious. Unexpected changes to computer settings and unusual activity, even when the computer should be idle, are strong indications that a Trojan is residing on a computer. It is not able to replicate itself.

3. Worm: A computer worm is a standalone malware computer program that replicates itself to spread to other computers. Often, it uses a computer network to spread itself, relying on security failures on the target computer to access it. Worms almost always cause at least some harm to the network.

4. Spam: Spam refers to unsolicited, unwanted,... Continue reading "Understanding Cyber Threats: Malware, Trojans, and Security" »

Vocabulary Definitions

• Annular - (adj) ring-shaped
• Apiary - (n) a place where bees are kept and tended
• Apocalyptic - (adj) relating to a revelation
• Apostasy - (n) abandonment of faith or dedication to basic beliefs
• Append - (v) to attach, add
• Auspices - (n) patronage, sponsorship
• Brusque - (adj) abrupt, rough in speech or manner
• Bucolic - (adj) of the countryside
• Cabal - (n) a group of people engaged in intrigue
• Cache - (n) a secret place for hiding supplies, food, etc.
• Cairn - (n) a heap of stones marking a special site
• Codicil - (n) a supplementary statement, especially as in a will
• Dissimulate - (v) to mask or confuse by false appearance
• Dissipate - (v) to cause to disappear; to scatter
• Eclectic - (adj) chosen or selected from various sources
• Ecumenical

World War II: Main Ideas and Context

Main Ideas

1. Economic and political problems troubled Europe in the years after World War I.
2. World War II broke out when Germany invaded Poland.
3. Nazi Germany targeted the Jews during the Holocaust.
4. Allied victories in Europe and Japan brought the end of World War II.

The Big Idea

Problems in Europe led to World War II, the deadliest war in history.

The Great Depression

It was a global crisis in the 1930s.

Meaning of Dictator

A dictator is a ruler who has total control.

Most Famous Dictators

Below are descriptions of prominent dictators leading up to and during the war:

• Russia: Vladimir Lenin. He gained power in the 1917 Revolution and formed a communist government; he also created the Soviet Union.
• Joseph Stalin. He took

Forum Database Schema: Creation Scripts

Database Creation

CREATE DATABASE ForumDeDiscussoes;

USE ForumDeDiscussoes;

Usuario Table

CREATE TABLE Usuario (
  idUsuario INT AUTO_INCREMENT,
  nome VARCHAR(70),
  email VARCHAR(45),
  PRIMARY KEY (idUsuario)
);

Forum Table

CREATE TABLE Forum (
  idForum INT AUTO_INCREMENT,
  nome VARCHAR(45),
  PRIMARY KEY (idForum)
);

Topico Table

CREATE TABLE Topico (
  idTopico INT AUTO_INCREMENT,
  nome VARCHAR(45),
  idForum INT,
  PRIMARY KEY (idTopico),
  CONSTRAINT fkForum FOREIGN KEY (idForum) REFERENCES Forum (idForum)
);

Comentario Table

CREATE TABLE Comentario (
  idComentario INT AUTO_INCREMENT,
  Descricao VARCHAR(255),
  idTopico INT,
  PRIMARY KEY (idComentario),
  CONSTRAINT fkTopico FOREIGN KEY (idTopico)