Notes, abstracts, papers, exams and problems of Vocational training

Chapter 7: Volcanoes & Chapter 10: Restless Ocean

Volcanic Eruptions

Eruptions can be explosive (gases escape from melt) or quiescent ("Hawaiian" very fluid basaltic lavas).

Volcano Types

Volcano types include shield volcanoes (accumulation of fluid basaltic lavas, exhibit shape of broad domed structure) and composite volcanoes (large, nearly symmetrical, persistent eruption of viscous lava, conical shape).

Viscosity: Determined by temperature, composition, and amount of dissolved gases – how resistant to flow.

Pyroclastics: Pulverized rock, lava, and glass fragments ejected from vent.

Chapter 9: Oceans

Ocean Features

Continental Shelf: The gently sloping submerged portion of the continental margin that extends from the shoreline to the continental... Continue reading "Volcanoes, Oceans, and Seawater Composition: Key Concepts" »

Hydropower

Hydropower utilizes the energy of water in rivers, which can be dammed to create reservoirs. These reservoirs have exit gates that lead to a turbine. The rotation of the turbine is converted into electricity. Reservoirs also serve to store water for irrigation and human consumption, and they help prevent dangerous floods.

However, hydropower has drawbacks. It can:

1. Inundate large areas of the banks.
2. Destabilize deltas (sediment that nourished these is now trapped at the bottom of the reservoir, and the sea erodes the delta).
3. Alter aquatic life.

Consequently, new hydropower plants are no longer built in many countries, and some older ones are being dismantled in more advanced nations.

Nuclear Energy

Globally, there are 442 nuclear power plants... Continue reading "Sustainable Energy Sources: Hydropower, Nuclear, Wind, and Solar" »

Mastering Irregular Verbs in English

Understanding Irregular Verbs

Irregular verbs in English do not follow the standard pattern of adding -ed or -d to form the past simple and past participle. Instead, they have unique forms that must be memorized. This list provides a comprehensive overview of common irregular verbs, along with their base form, past simple, past participle, and Spanish translation.

Common Irregular Verbs

• Be (Was / Were) Been Ser / Estar
• Become (Became) Become Llegar a Ser
• Begin (Began) Begun Empezar
• Bite (Bit) Bitten Morder
• Bleed (Bled) Bled Sangrar
• Blow (Blew) Blown Soplar
• Break (Broke) Broken Romper
• Bring (Brought) Brought Traer Llevar
• Build (Built) Built Edificar
• Buy (Bought) Bought Comprar
• Catch (Caught) Caught Coger
• Come (Came) Come

Causes of Imperialism

Economic Rivalry

Competition between countries for lands increased military expenditure.

Political Rivalry

New powers (USA and France), alliances, Balkans conflict.

Colonialism

• Industrial development = demographic growth - life improves
• Strategic moves
• Developed countries compete for dominance = suspicion between powers

Congress of Berlin

USA, Germany, Japan VS England

Portugal, Belgium, Italy: interested in African colonies (raw materials)

German Otto von Bismarck distributed Africa.

Consequences of Colonialism

For the Colonies

• No industrialization
• Land exploitation
• Imposition of conquering power
• Destruction of ethnic structures
• Artificial borders

For the Empires

• Development of industrialization
• Strategic moves
• Arms race
• Suspicion between powers
• Prestige
• Introduced

Alternators and Generators

1. Alternators vs. DC Generators

Alternators produce a usable voltage level at lower RPMs than DC generators because alternators have more field poles.

2. Delta Wound Three-Phase Alternator Stator

The windings wired in relation to each other in a delta-wound three-phase alternator stator are in series.

3. Generator Output

Generator output is expressed in the number of amps at rated voltage.

4. AC 43.13 Electrical System Design

The AC 43.13 suggests that the electrical system of an aircraft be designed so that when all systems are operating, no more than 80% of generator capacity can be exceeded.

5. Reverse Current Cutout Relay

The main function of a reverse current cutout relay in a generator system is preventing motoring of... Continue reading "Aircraft Electrical Systems" »

**That's a Real Point in Favor of a Working Mother**

And this is very well-paid. My schedule is much more flexible than in some of the larger accounting firms.

**I'm a Public Employee and Work for the Board**

I'm in a department with eight others. Our job is to attract investment to the area. I love the teamwork.

**This is the Most Stimulating Work I've Ever Had**

In addition, my work is very secure. I'm happier in my job than most of the people I know.

**When I'm Not at Work, I Spend All My Time with My Children**

Allow me to say a few words about myself. I was born in the United States and now work on the West Coast.

**I Love to Go Back to My Hometown Whenever I Can**

I really miss my family. I grew up in the North of England, but my family moved

Finding Joy in Your Work

Happiness at Work

If you want to be happy at work, remember that all problems can be solved.

Another way to be happy is to enrich your work environment with photos and flowers.

Working Conditions

Builders have worse working conditions than bankers.

Job Satisfaction

I love developing new products. It's the most fascinating job in the company.

Information technology specialists are slightly happier than real estate agents.

Legal Profession

I am a lawyer specializing in real estate law. My work is always interesting.

I handle all the legal work related to the sale of buildings and land.

I work 60 hours a week and sometimes get very stressed, but I'm happy most of the time.

Fitness Industry

I am a personal trainer. I love this job because

Biscay Mines: Workers' Demands and the End of Quarters

Workers of Biscay mines named a commission to require public authorities to end quarters and compulsory shops. Their reasons included broken promises from bosses regarding the closing down of compulsory shops and quarters taken during the 1890 strike. They also argued that this situation went against the liberal spirit of the century, which favored individual freedom and freedom of work.

The miners threatened to go on strike if the government didn't accept their petitions.

The Restoration System at the End of the Century

At the end of the century, the Restoration system was set up, rooted in the 1876 Constitution. This system presented itself as the only one that could guarantee social peace... Continue reading "Biscay Mines: Workers' Rights, Strikes, and Industrialization" »

Three Types of Foreign Direct Investment (FDI)

Foreign Direct Investment can be categorized into three main types:

• Market Seeking: FDI is driven by the desire to be closer to customers. Proximity reduces transportation costs and potentially tariffs. Firms weigh the benefits of FDI against exporting, where production is concentrated in one location.
• Efficiency Seeking: Upstream and downstream products are manufactured in different locations, leveraging factor intensity and factor prices. This strategy aims to optimize production costs.
• Resource Seeking: FDI provides access to scarce resources. Output from resource-seeking FDI is seldom sold in the host country market.

Consequences of FDI for Host Countries

FDI can have several effects on host countries,... Continue reading "Foreign Direct Investment, Trade Theories, Barriers" »

Equal Opportunities: Reality vs. Ideal?

Equality of opportunity is an ideal to which many societies aspire, but in practice, significant challenges remain in fully achieving it. While progress has been made in some areas, such as anti-discrimination legislation and efforts to promote diversity and inclusion, disparities persist in areas like access to education, employment, healthcare, and political representation.

Factors such as ethnicity, gender, sexual orientation, gender identity, disability, and socioeconomic status can significantly influence the opportunities a person has in life. Discrimination and prejudice can hinder equal access to resources and opportunities, undermining the principle of equal opportunity.

While measures have been... Continue reading "Equal Opportunity Challenges & Workforce Integration Impact" »