Notes, summaries, assignments, exams, and problems for Vocational training

Understanding the Core Characteristics of Academic Writing

Academic writing in English is linear, clear, simple, and direct. It has a clear audience and a clear purpose, and it is also clearly structured. Academic English must be learned through observation, study, and experiment, because no one speaks or writes it as a first language.

There are five main features of academic writing:

1. Complexity

Written language is generally more complex than spoken language. It uses more subordinate clauses, more "that/to" complements, longer sequences of prepositional phrases, more attributive adjectives, and more passive voice constructions than spoken language.

While written texts can be more concise, they often employ longer words or phrases.

Examples of... Continue reading "Essential Features of Effective Academic Writing" »

Moss Theory and 2 Examples

• Growth of face happens as response to functional needs and neurotrophic influences and is mediated via soft tissues in which jaws are embedded.
• Soft tissue growth causes both bone and cartilage to react.
• Growth of cranial vault is a direct response to growth of brain.
• Growth of eyes increases size of orbit.
• Major determinant of growth of maxilla and mandible is enlargement of nasal and oral cavities, which grow in response to functional needs. Important for orthodontic treatment with functional appliances and orthopedic treatment.

Bone Formation Processes

Intramembranous Bone Formation

Bone forms via the direct secretion of bone matrix within connective tissue, without any intermediate formation of cartilage. There is no formation of cartilage in this process.

Key characteristics:

• Occurs in the periosteum (external part), endosteum, alveolar bone, and sutures.
• In the craniofacial vault complex, this type occurs specifically in the cranial vault and jaws.

Endochondral Bone Formation

In this process, cartilage is converted into bone.

Key characteristics:

• In early stages, cartilage is present from the nose to the cranial base and occipital bone.
• Prenatally, a series of synchondroses exist within and between the ethmoid, sphenoid, and occipital bones. These facilitate rapid increase

Civil vs. Criminal Law

Civil Law Procedures

Purpose: It regulates relationships between individuals, dispute settlements, and the enforcement of rights.

Parties: Claimant or Plaintiff vs. Defendant.

Legal Action: To take legal action against somebody, to make a claim against somebody, to issue a claim against somebody, to file a suit against somebody, or to sue somebody.

Outcomes: The judge decides liability. The judge provides a remedy, such as damages, an injunction, or a declaration.

Criminal Law Procedures

Purpose: Prevents people from committing offenses.

Parties: Prosecutor vs. Defendant, Wrongdoer, Accused, Offender, or Criminal.

Legal Action: To take legal action against somebody, to file charges against somebody, to press charges against somebody,... Continue reading "Essential Legal Concepts: Civil and Criminal Law" »

Adjectives vs. Adverbs

Choose the Correct Word (Adjective or Adverb)

1. We lost the match because we didn’t play very (good/well).
2. Tom drove (careful/carefully) along the narrow road.
3. She speaks (perfect/perfectly) French.
4. I was (great/greatly) impressed by their presentation.
5. I was (suddenly/sudden) surprised by Alice.
6. John is an (intelligent/intelligently) student.
7. We didn’t go out because it was raining (heavy/heavily).
8. She speaks English (perfect/perfectly).
9. They seemed (extreme/extremely) satisfied.
10. He looked at me (angry/angrily) when I interrupted him.

Choose the Right Option

1. She denied taking the mobile phone, but no one believed her.
a) take
b) taking
2. You’ve been robbed. Try to put an alarm.
a) to

1. Complete the Sentences with the Right Option (1.5 points)

1. I'm going ……. at the new hairdresser's.
   a) to cut my hair                                            b) to get my haircut
2. She needs to…….…
   a) have her car repairs.                                   b) have her car repaired.
3. She is going to the shop to……………………..
   a) have developed these photos                    b) have these photos developed
4. He ……... while he was away on holiday.
   a) had his flat burgled.                                b) burgled his flat.
5. I ………... my phone repaired after I dropped it.
   a) had.                                                              

1. Complete the Sentences with the Right Option (1.5p)

Sporting Verbs and Actions

• Televise: televisar
• Score a goal: marcar un gol
• Hold (an event): celebrar
• Win: ganar
• Get a medal: conseguir una medalla
• Support a team: apoyar a un equipo
• Break a record: batir un récord
• Take up (a sport): empezar una afición
• Lose: perder
• Set a record: establecer un récord
• Draw: empatar
• Coach: entrenar / entrenador

Vocabulary for Developing Products

• Design a prototype: diseñar un prototipo
• Give a demonstration: hacer una demostración
• Improve the design: mejorar el diseño
• Research an idea: investigar una idea
• Solve any problems: resolver algunos problemas
• Do market research: hacer estudios de mercado
• Test out the product: probar el producto
• Develop the product: desarrollar el producto
• Develop a concept: desarrollar un concepto
• Manufacture

Units 1 & 2

Ejercicio 1: Present Simple, Continuous, Perfect

1. is studying computer.
2. Is she working at the moment?
3. walks.
4. Do they finish?
5. doesn't like.
6. hasn't found.
7. is waiting.
8. rises.
9. have had.
10. Have you bought...?

Ejercicio 2: Past Simple, Continuous, Perfect

1. began.
2. Were you doing...? saw.
3. got... left.
4. was fixing.
5. were playing... arrived.
6. waited... had broken.
7. fell down... was going.
8. had used... took.
9. were coming... had paid.
10. were surfing... phoned.

Ejercicio 3: Questions for the Text Above

(Assuming the answers below correspond to a text not fully provided, these are corrected questions based on the fragments.)

1. What does this company export to South America?
2. In 20 years, what will Sara be working on?
3. What did the guys break last night?
4. Where are they working for an