Notes, summaries, assignments, exams, and problems for University

What is an ethical dilemma in a company?

One knows when they have a significant ethical conflict when there is a presence of:

• Significant value conflicts among differing interests
• Real alternatives that are equally justifiable
• Significant consequences on stakeholders in the situation

An ethical dilemma exists when one is faced with having to make a choice among these feasible, comparable, and relevant alternatives.

Social Marketing Concept:

Origins

Division of the Middle East between European powers after the Ottoman Empire collapses (1918-1920).

The first country to fight for independence from the OE was Greece (with the help of Britain, France, and Russia who all had interest in Ottoman territory).

[Important for KSA] Hussein Bin Ali (Hashemite dynasty): Sharif of Mecca was asked by the Young Turks to get involved and help them (acknowledging the Jihad). But, he said that he would only do this if they united into one Arab state. Turks didn’t agree and left him. British, on the other side, offered him just what he wanted if he rebelled towards Turkey. He mobilized Arabs to revolt and put his son in charge along with Lawrence of Arabia. This was an important factor in the end of... Continue reading "Sykes-Picot Agreement: Origins, Impact, and Legacy" »

Walt Whitman: The Poet of America

He was known as the city’s poet. Whitman moved to Washington D.C. to be closer to the conflict of the Civil War, where he notably helped in the hospitals.

Leaves of Grass (1855)

• Published in 1855, this work went through 9 editions during his lifetime.
• Whitman continuously added and changed poems, dying without finishing the collection.

Symbolism in the Title

The title itself holds significant meaning:

• Grass: Represents the micro-level (journalist jargon for small, discarded writings) and the little things that were not considered news. Whitman rescues these ideas.
• Leaves: Represents the macro-level.
• The title signifies the unity of multitude, relating nature and literature.

Poetic Innovation: Free Verse

Whitman is credited... Continue reading "Walt Whitman and Emily Dickinson: Pioneers of American Poetry" »

Catcher in the Rye Characters

Holden Caulfield

Holden Caulfield: Depressed, tall sixteen-year-old who smokes, underwent trauma, and cannot socialize. Very passive, and distrusts adults.

Allie Caulfield

Allie Caulfield: Holden's brother. Died before the story began. His death has a lasting effect on Holden. Red-haired and left-handed. Wrote in green ink. Special because of those two traits. Very smart and sweet.

Phoebe Caulfield

Phoebe Caulfield: Younger sister to Holden; very smart; writes her own stories; an awesome dancer and writer.

D.B. Caulfield

D.B. Caulfield: Holden's older brother, an author who writes movies in Hollywood. Was traumatized in the war.

Mr. Caulfield

Mr. Caulfield: A wealthy corporate lawyer; invests money in Broadway shows that... Continue reading "Catcher in the Rye Characters: Holden Caulfield & Cast" »

Angular Momentum Conservation

The law of conservation of angular momentum states that when no external torque acts on an object, its angular momentum remains constant.

Inverse Square Law

The inverse-square law dictates that a physical quantity's intensity is inversely proportional to the square of the distance from its source.

Energy Conservation

The law of conservation of energy states that energy cannot be created or destroyed, only transformed or transferred.

Momentum Conservation

In an isolated system, the total momentum of two objects before a collision equals their total momentum after the collision.

Energy Degradation

The first law of thermodynamics asserts that the universe's total energy is constant. The second law states that this energy's... Continue reading "Fundamental Physics Laws: Momentum, Energy, and Motion" »

Symbolism in The Great Gatsby

Symbols

The Green Light

• Symbolizes Gatsby's hopes and dreams.
• Represents everything that haunts and beckons Gatsby: the physical and emotional distance between him and what he desires.

The Eyes of T.J. Eckleburg

• Symbolize the haunting waste of the past, which lingers though it is irretrievably vanished, much like Eckleburg's medical practice.
• Can also be linked to Gatsby, whose own eyes, once described as "vacant," often stare out blankly, keeping "vigil" over Long Island Sound and the green light.

The Valley of Ashes

• Depicts the stark contrast between the laborers (lower class) and the rich (upper class).
• Shows the consequences of being left behind.

East and West

• Both morally corrupt.
• East: Old money, rooted in tradition.
• West:

The Rise of Big Business in America

The rise of big business in America saw the emergence of the modern corporation, complete with shareholders, distinct operating units, a national network of suppliers, and professional salaried managers. In the 19th century, a revolutionary idea took hold. Previously, the bulk of economic activity was conducted through single-unit businesses run and owned by independent tradespeople. This changed with increased economic activity and new business models, exemplified by figures ranging from local merchants to industrial giants like Henry Ford. By 1840, business people expected the coordination of their activities across a region as vast as the United States to be handled by the markets themselves.

Railroads:

Information and Communication Technology (ICT/IT)

Information and Communication Technology (ICT/IT) involves using computers to enable learners to improve information-processing skills and explore ideas. Examples include using Skype, surfing the internet, and solving problems.

Input and Output in Learning

• Input: All the material learners are exposed to. This is the knowledge someone acquires from outside by understanding it meaningfully.
• Output: What learners are able to produce using the acquired language or skills.

Input Hypothesis and Comprehensible Input

According to Stephen Krashen, we only acquire a language if we understand the input. The input cannot be beyond our current level of understanding (i+1).

This hypothesis was later modified: apart... Continue reading "Essential Terminology for Language Acquisition and Classroom Technology" »

Essential Language Teaching Terminology

1. Accuracy

The ability to produce correct sentences that are comprehensible. The sentence has to be correct from the point of view of the language system (grammar, vocabulary, spelling, etc.).

2. Acquisition (Verb: Acquire)

To learn a language without studying it, just by hearing and reading it, and then using it. This is usually how people learn their first language.

3. Assessment Criteria (Criterios de Evaluación)

The qualities that are judged to evaluate something. Assessment criteria for judging learners may include: accuracy of grammar, use of vocabulary, spelling and punctuation, and organisation of ideas.

4. Brainstorm (Lluvia de Ideas)

To think quickly about ideas concerning a topic. This is usually... Continue reading "Essential Language Teaching Terminology Explained" »

Christopher Isherwood: Modernism and War's Impact

Christopher Isherwood's work demonstrates a strong modernist influence, particularly in The Memorial: Portrait of a Family. This novel showcases a better integration of modernist techniques, exploring the profound effect of war on his generation.

• New Generation: Characterized by brittle gaiety and disillusionment.
• Older Generation: Grappling with a changed world, tormented by memories of the Edwardian era.

The novel's chronologically disorderly narrative reflects the pervasive sense of loss and collapse. Isherwood's "Berlin fiction" or "new realism" marked a significant shift in his style.

Factors for Isherwood's Stylistic Change

• Brief employment as a film writer, which fostered a fascination for