Notes, summaries, assignments, exams, and problems for University

Chapter 1 : Matter and change

Branches of chemistry

Organic Chemistry – the study of most carbon-containing compounds.

Inorganic Chemistry – the study of most non-carbon-containing compounds.

Physical Chemistry – the study of the properties and changes of matter and their relation to energy.

Biochemistry – the study of substances and processes occurring in living things.

Analytical Chemistry – the identification of the components and composition of materials.

Theoretical chemistry – the use of mathematics and computers to understand the principles behind observed chemical behaviour and to design and predict the properties of new compounds.

Matter

Atom – the smallest unit of an element that maintains the chemical identity of that element.

Make an Essay. Please, Be Careful with the Parts: Introduction, Body and Conclusion. Do Your Best.

a) October 9th, 1820

The revolution of October 9, 1820 has its antecedents from 1814. José de Antepara, José Joaquin Olmedo, and Jose de Villamil arrived in Guayaquil to introduce new political concepts and forms of government to the people. These patriots emphasized independence, democracy, and the republic, advocating for necessary changes in political and social structures.

Major Miguel de Utamendi arrived in the port, connecting with other figures from Spanish America. On October 8, 1820, the conspirators initiated their plan, successfully taking over the city's barracks. A government junta was formed, and the flag of independent Guayaquil... Continue reading "Revolution of October 9, 1820: Independence in Guayaquil" »

Professor Diane's Six Learning Types Framework

Professor Diane identifies six core learning types essential for effective pedagogy:

• Acquisition
• Discussion
• Investigation
• Practice
• Collaboration
• Production

Each learning type corresponds to different learning experiences achieved through various activities. These activities often combine several learning types and utilize either conventional technologies (like books) or digital technologies (like e-books or interactive platforms).

Optimizing Technology in the Classroom

How much technology is ideal in a classroom?

The ideal amount of technology depends on the educator's experience level. It is possible to start small, perhaps with one computer and one digital camera. As educators better understand the potential... Continue reading "The Six Core Learning Types and Classroom Technology Integration" »

How does ICT integration in education impact the teaching profession?

ICT integration fosters:

• Collaboration
• Communication
• Sharing of ideas and experiences
• Mutual support in learning

What are some primary ways teachers can utilize ICT?

Teachers can leverage ICT to:

• Find resources
• Prepare lessons
• Organize student work
• Evaluate results
• Manage learning records

What are three new teaching and learning forms introduced by ICT?

• Project-based learning
• Cross-curricular learning
• Attractive learning experiences

Name three ways ICT empowers students as creators.

• Programming
• Website development
• Robotics

What are some key changes observed in learners due to ICT?

Increased Motivation:

• Reduced fear of public mistakes
• Students as educators
• Teachers as lifelong learning models

Other

The New Deal of the 1930s

Following the Crash of '29, greater state interventionism became necessary.

1. The American New Deal created a social security system in 1935.
2. Initially, this system was only available for white people.

Defining the Welfare State

The Welfare State is a core concept in political and economic sciences. It designates a political proposal and general model of social organization where the State provides services in compliance with social rights to all inhabitants of a country.

It encompasses two aspects simultaneously:

• A political technology
• A social ontology

It was created primarily to solve the problem of social conflicts arising from the limitations of private insurance and mutual systems working. It primarily benefits the middle... Continue reading "The Welfare State: Origins, Keynesian Model, and the 1970s Crisis" »

Sociological Theory: Adam Smith and Karl Marx

Although not considered sociologists by profession, early thinkers like Adam Smith and Karl Marx sought to answer the fundamental question of what constitutes a society.

Adam Smith (1723-1790)

Adam Smith was born in Edinburgh, one of the cities where the industrial movement began. At the age of four, he was reportedly kidnapped by gypsies but was later rescued by his uncle. He entered the University of Glasgow at 14 and, in 1740, won a scholarship to Oxford, where he spent the following years at Balliol College.

Academic Career and Influences

In 1748, he became an assistant professor of Rhetoric and Literature in Edinburgh. He met the Scottish philosopher David Hume, who became a lifelong friend until... Continue reading "Adam Smith: The Father of Modern Economics and His Theories" »

Rheumatic Fever

Is a multisystem inflammatory disease that can involve the heart, joints, skin, and brain. The disease develops after a streptococcal infection (A beta-hemolytic – Streptococcus pyogenes) – mostly pharyngitis

Clinical Features

• Occur most often in children
• Develop 2-4 weeks after streptococcal infection
• Fever, malaise, and increased erythrocyte sedimentation rate
• Rheumatic heart disease – pancarditis; inflammation of the entire heart (3 layers)

Pericarditis

Leads to serous effusions

Myocarditis

Leads to cardiac failure

Endocarditis

Leads to valvular damage

• Rheumatic endocarditis – mitral and aortic valves (mostly); the valves become thickened, fibrotic, deformed, & calcification (may)

• Joint involvement – arthralgia, arthritis,

Structure of the CEFRL

The CEFRL is divided into 9 chapters + 4 annexes. Let's see each of them:

• Chapter 1. Aims and objectives according to what the Council of Europe says. Main objective => Plurilingualism.

• Chapter 2. Approach. Communicative competences. Use of language.

• Chapter 3. Common reference levels

• Chapter 4. Use of language and language user.

• Chapter 5. User competences.

• Chapter 6. Teaching-learning process

• Chapter 7. Tasks and roles involved in the teaching-learning process.

• Chapter 8. Linguistic diversification and curriculum

• Chapter 9. Assessment.

• Annex 1. Development of proficiency descriptors.

• Annex 2. Illustrative descriptors (according to the CEFR levels)

• Annex 3. DIALANG scales and project.

• Annex 4. ALTE 'Can Do' statements.

What are

Cloud Platforms

Cloud platforms enable outsourcing much of a company's IT department. This pushes knowledge workers out and often automates their work. Data analysis, customer information storage, and server maintenance can be moved to the cloud, providing the capitalist rationale for using these platforms.

Amazon Web Services (AWS) was developed internally to handle the company's increasingly complex logistics while building a massive logistical network.

Industrial Platforms

As data collection, storage, and analysis become cheaper, more companies bring platforms into traditional manufacturing. The most significant attempt is the 'industrial internet of things' or 'industrial internet'. As factories implement industrial internet components, a major... Continue reading "Platform Capitalism: Data as Raw Material" »

Introduction

Capitalism, when faced with a crisis, tends to restructure itself. New technologies, organizational forms, modes of exploitation, types of jobs, and markets emerge to create new ways of accumulating capital.

The Rise of the Cognitive Economy

The dominant narrative in advanced capitalist countries has been one of change, particularly focusing on the rise of technology: automation, the sharing economy, and the internet of things. Theorists argue that these changes have led to a cognitive, informational, or knowledge economy.

Data as the New Raw Material

A key argument of this chapter is that in the twenty-first century, advanced capitalism has come to be centered upon extracting and using a particular kind of raw material: data. Data... Continue reading "Data Capitalism: The Extraction and Exploitation of Raw Data in the 21st Century" »