Notes, summaries, assignments, exams, and problems for University

Understanding Organizational Environments and Culture

Key Concepts and Strategies

Direct Investment Strategies

1. What are the three main strategies for direct investment?

Answer: Greenfield venture, Acquisition, Joint Venture

Business Intelligence

2. What approach uses sophisticated software to analyze internal and external data for patterns and trends?

Answer: Business Intelligence

Types of Cultural Culture

3. What are the types of cultural culture?

Answer: Adaptability, Achievement, Involvement, and Consistency

Real-Time Information and Strategic Decision-Making

4. According to Eisenhardt (1989), how does the use of real-time information impact the speed of the strategic decision process?

Answer: The greater the use of real-time information, the greater... Continue reading "Understanding Organizational Environments and Culture: A Comprehensive Guide" »

Chapter 3: Mediated Communication

What is Mediated Communication?

Mediated communication is the process of communicating with others through technological devices. These devices act as intermediaries, separating the sender and receiver of the message.

Mass Media vs. Social Media

Mass media refers to one-way communication channels where content creators send messages to large, anonymous audiences. Examples include television, radio, and newspapers.

Social media, on the other hand, facilitates two-way communication, allowing users to send and receive messages in real-time or across time intervals. This enables individuals to manage personal and professional relationships.

Synchronous vs. Asynchronous Communication

Synchronous communication involves... Continue reading "Understanding Mediated Communication and Culture: A Comprehensive Guide" »

What Is a Company?

A company consists of individuals or organizations that strive to earn a profit by providing products that satisfy people's needs.

Different Kinds of Products

Products are the outcomes of a company's efforts. They possess both tangible and intangible characteristics that provide satisfaction and benefits. When purchasing a product, consumers acquire the perceived benefits and satisfaction it offers.

Factors for Earning a Profit

Profitability requires effective management skills in planning, organizing, and controlling business activities. It also involves finding and developing employees, creating desirable products, and implementing marketing strategies to manufacture, price, promote, and distribute those products.

Stakeholders

Stakeholders... Continue reading "Understanding Business Fundamentals" »

Topic 1: Key Drivers of Change

Industry vs. Market

Michael Porter's Five Forces

English Vocabulary Builder

Addiction and Recovery

Addicted to, dependent on, fed up with: harto de, open to, sick of, hooked on, proud of, keen on: lamentar en, obsessed with, helpful to: útil para.

Dopamine, To quit a substance or a behavior: para dejar una sustancia o un comportamiento, withdrawal symptoms: síntomas de abstinencia, a life-threatening condition: una infección potencialmente mortal, nicotine patches, to have counseling: asesoramiento, to have a relapse: recaída.

Time

Arrived with, behind (junto a/ atrasado en), stay here for the time: quedarse aquí por el momento, by the time: por el momento, on time, at the time: en ese momento. It’s about time: ya es hora.

Travel

Beaten: alejado, we set at: partimos a: hit: ir: de tiendas,... Continue reading "English Vocabulary Builder: From Addiction to Travel" »

LASER = Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation

A laser is actually an oscillator rather than a simple amplifier. The difference is that an oscillator has positive feedback in addition to the amplifier.

Light is understood in a general sense: electromagnetic radiation with a wavelength around 1 μm. Thus, one can have infrared, visible, or ultraviolet lasers.

The atomic medium with population inversion used in the laser is called the active medium. The positive optical feedback is obtained by placing the active medium between two mirrors. One of them (M1) totally reflects back the light (R1 = 1) to the active medium, while the other one (M2, called the output coupler) has a reflectivity less than unity (R2 < 1) and allows some... Continue reading "Introduction to LASER Technology: Types, Operation, and Applications" »

Mastering Progressive Tenses (Tiempos Progresivos)

A Progressive tense (tiempo progresivo) is a form of the verb that shows that the action is in progress. In other words, it means that the action continues.

The Past Progressive

The Past Progressive (pasado progresivo) is a form of the verb that shows that the action was in progress at some time in the past.

Example: Lisa was dancing yesterday at 8 o'clock.

The Present Progressive

The Present Progressive (presente progresivo) is a form of the verb that shows that the action is in progress in the present.

Example: Lisa is dancing now.

The Future Progressive

The Future Progressive (futuro progresivo) is a form of the verb that shows that the action will be in progress at some time in the future.

Example:

Germanic invasions: 'Historia Ecclesiastica Gentis Anglorum'

Official account of the Germanic invasions (449). Angles in Britain first drove the enemy, after they made a league with them and went against their allies. The Heptarchy: 7 Anglo-Saxon 'kingdoms' - Northumbria, Mercia, Wessex, East Anglia, Essex, Kent, Sussex. England as a politically unified nation in the 10th century.

Dialects of Old English:

River Humber, River Thames, South, South/South-West.

The Germanic occupation of Britain was cruel, and most Britons died. The culture of Britons was not assimilated by Germanic tribes. Atheling (royal family), Earl (major nobility), Thegn (Minor nobility), Freemen, and Serf. Conversion of Germanic invaders to Christianity: Christianity was brought... Continue reading "Germanic Invasions and Cultural Assimilation in Britain" »

Why Use Songs in Language Learning?

According to Blasi and Foley, children are inherently musical, which is supported by their eagerness to engage in musical play.

Neuman suggests that songs can improve children's memory, vocabulary, and creative uses of language.

Benefits of Using Songs for Language Learning

Fonseca notes that songs for language learning have been considered beneficial for:

• Developing the four language skills (reading, writing, listening, speaking)
• Activating both brain hemispheres
• Enhancing memory
• Increasing motivation
• Fostering cultural sensitivity

Additional benefits include:

• Songs provide a natural context for language use.
• Songs allow children to pick up chunks of language.
• Songs encourage all children to participate and speak in

The Alliterative Revival

In Middle English poetry, alliterative verse experienced a resurgence known as the Alliterative Revival. While rhyme played a significant role in other forms, alliteration was the primary structural element in this movement.

William Langland and Piers Plowman

William Langland, believed to have been born in the West Midlands, was a prominent figure in the Alliterative Revival. His most famous work, Piers Plowman, offers potential autobiographical insights and suggests familiarity with London. Scholars speculate that he may have been a cleric of a lower class.

Piers Plowman: A Dream Vision

Piers Plowman is a verse allegory presented as a dream vision, a popular literary device in the Middle Ages used to convey truths or real... Continue reading "The Alliterative Revival and Estate Satire in Middle English Literature" »