Notes, summaries, assignments, exams, and problems for University

English Realism: Key Authors and Periods

The Brontë Sisters

• Women writers who challenged conventions.
• Critique of "silly novels" and reversal of traditional female roles.
• Exploration of psychological and emotional depths in women.
• Themes of extreme passions and violence.
• Narratives often depict a journey from poverty to wealth.
• Focus on love, mystery, and intense passion.
• Deep exploration of inner nature and individual responsibility.
• Emphasis on generosity and moral fortitude.

Notable Works by the Brontës:

• Charlotte Brontë: Jane Eyre
• Emily Brontë: Wuthering Heights
• Anne Brontë: The Tenant of Wildfell Hall

Emily and Anne Brontë: Shared Characteristics

• Powerful emotional force in their narratives.
• Complex narrative structures: often moving from harmony

Puerto Rico: Island Details and Rich Heritage

Key Facts About Puerto Rico

• Official Status: United States territory
• Location: Northeastern Caribbean archipelago
• Capital: San Juan
• Official Languages: Spanish (predominant) and English
• Population: Approximately 3.6 million people
• Administrative Divisions: 78 municipalities
• Major Cities: Ponce, Caguas, Mayagüez
• Geographic Position: The island is located between the Caribbean Sea and the North Atlantic Ocean, east of the Dominican Republic (about 1,000 miles (1,600 km) southeast of Miami, Florida).

Governance and Political Status

As a U.S. territory, Puerto Ricans have U.S. citizenship, share common currency, and defense with the United States. However, residents generally cannot vote in U.S. presidential... Continue reading "Puerto Rico: Caribbean Island Facts, Culture & History" »

Cost-Volume-Profit (CVP) Analysis Formulas

Contribution Margin Calculations

• Contribution Margin (CM) per Unit: $P - VC$ (Price minus Variable Cost)
• Total Contribution Margin (TCM): $(P \times Q) - (VC \times Q)$
• CM Ratio: Unit CM / Unit Selling Price
• Variable Expense (VE) Ratio: Unit VE / Unit Selling Price

Break-Even Point (BEP) Determination

1. BEP Equation Method

• Profits: (Sales - Variable Expenses) - Fixed Expenses
• Sales at BEP: Variable Expenses + Fixed Expenses + Profits (where Profits = 0)

2. Contribution Margin Method

• BEP in Units: Fixed Expenses / Unit CM
• BEP in Total Sales Dollars: Fixed Expenses / CM Ratio

Target Profit Calculations (Contribution Margin Approach)

• Unit Sales to Attain Target Profit: (Fixed Expenses + Target Income) / Unit CM
• Dollar

Classical Conditioning Principles

Acquisition: The process where a stimulus elicits a conditioned response (CR). Acquisition is quicker if the stimulus is salient; the unconditioned stimulus (UCS) and conditioned stimulus (CS) are paired multiple times.

Extinction

Extinction: The elimination of the CR due to withholding the UCS; extinction is a gradual change.

Spontaneous Recovery

Spontaneous Recovery: The recovery of the CR after extinction; a weakened CR can still exist.

Generalization

Generalization: When a CR is acquired, stimuli similar to the CS can evoke the response. Generalization can contribute to the development of phobias.

Discrimination

Discrimination: A CR is produced only if a unique stimulus is presented; discrimination involves associating... Continue reading "Classical Conditioning Principles and Learning Theories" »

Conditions of Release

Conditions of release are the rules that must be followed by parolees.

Intermediate Sanctions

Intermediate sanctions are punishments that fall somewhere between probation and prison.

Women's Prisons and Rehabilitation

Women's prisons are smaller and there are fewer female prisoners than males, which has contributed to a lack of resources devoted to programs and rehabilitation.

The Bail Reform Act of 1984

What authorized the use of preventive detention in cases where the accused places the public at great risk? The Bail Reform Act of 1984.

Prison Terminology

• Fish: A slang term for new prisoners.
• Cigarettes: The traditional standard currency among prisoners.

Identity Theft and Cyber Crime

• Credit card theft is the most common form of

Latin American Social Hierarchy

1. Peninsulares: People born in Spain. They were at the top of the social hierarchy.

The Revolutions in the Americas

Bonds That Create

Subcategories of 20th Century Drama

During the 20^th century, we found new different subcategories of drama:

• 1900-1950: Broadway (explained below)
• The Little Theatre Movement (explained below)
• Birth of Musical Theatre
• 1930s: The Federal Theatre Project (explained below).
• 1950s: Off-Broadway
• 1960s: Off-Off-Broadway

Broadway Theatre

Broadway theatre, commonly called simply Broadway, are theatrical performances presented in one of the 40 professional theatres with 500 or more seats located in the Theater District and Lincoln Center along Broadway, in the Manhattan borough of New York City. Along with London's West End theatres, Broadway theatres are widely considered to represent the highest level of commercial theatre in the English-speaking world.

Main

The teaching of "Media" should be based on the creation of critical social thought. The purpose of education should be to prepare people to participate in society, providing them with tools and resources to develop their own critical social thought. We need to provide the resources to know how to, and to want to, make social decisions, resolve day-to-day problems, and exercise their role consciously, constructively, and responsibly. Citizen awareness and commitment to the world we live in should be encouraged, starting with awareness between science and social problems, and the correlation between the decisions of individuals on the group as a whole.

The Critical Model

• Objectives: Teaching a critical thought approach, thoughtful and committed

Qualities of Time

Irreversibility

Time cannot go backward. Once something has happened, it cannot be undone.

Inseparability from Space

Everything happens in a particular time and space. These two concepts are inseparable.

Relativity

Time is relative, depending on the observer or the circumstances (subjective).

Multiplicity

Each discipline or science analyzes time from a different perspective.

Essential Competences in Education

Besides Civic competence, our teaching unit prioritizes self-reflection and awareness of relevant social problems to improve society and foster active participation and citizenship. We will assess the following basic competences:

Transversal Competences

Communicative and Linguistic Competence

Students should be able to communicate... Continue reading "Time and Essential Competences in Education" »

Effective Educational Design: Objectives, Content, and Evaluation

Defining Learning Objectives

• Must express what students should learn by the end of the teaching unit or project.
• Must include teaching-learning content (concepts, procedures, and values).
• Must refer to basic skills and capabilities to be developed.
• Must guide the learning process and evaluation.
• Are statements that begin with an action verb (infinitive). The verbs used should be observable and evaluable.
• Formulated from the students' point of view, using phrases like: “By the end of the teaching unit, students should have learned...”

Understanding Educational Content

Educational content encompasses various forms of knowledge and skills essential for learning:

• Procedural Content: A