Notes, summaries, assignments, exams, and problems for University

[Ch-1] Hardware = [Physical](iPhone) - vs - Software -- (iOS) = [Programs with instructions] -- [Layers of a Computing System] - (C.A.O.P.H.I) Communications -> Applications -> Operating Systems -> Programming -> Hardware

Information -- Abstraction - [a mental model that removes complex details] - Applies to (Miller's Law) [the average person can hold in working memory about seven items] Internal View = car engine, while Abstract View = driving -- Stonehenge, Wiltshire, England 3000 BC to 2000 BC -- Abacus - [early device to record numerical values] - Blaise Pascal - [Mechanical device for addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division] -- Joseph Jacquard - [Loom, punched card], Charles Babbage - [Analytical engine] -- Ada Lovelace... Continue reading "Understanding Hardware and Software in Computing Systems" »

Benefits of eMarketing Over Traditional Marketing

Demographics and Targeting

Internet users represent a desirable demographic for marketers, often possessing greater buying power and skewing towards the middle class. The internet's structure allows users to organize into focused groups, providing marketers easy access to niche markets. This targeted approach maximizes the effectiveness of marketing messages.

Adaptivity and Closed-Loop Marketing

Closed-loop marketing relies on constant measurement and analysis of marketing campaign results. Real-time analysis of responses allows for continuous adjustments, minimizing wasted advertising spend. This dynamic approach, combined with the internet's immediacy, allows for maximum marketing efficiency... Continue reading "The Power of eMarketing" »

The Conquest of Peru: Pizarro and Atahualpa

The Quest for the South Sea and the Capture of Atahualpa

After the conquest of Mexico, other Spaniards were challenged to match Hernán Cortés’s achievements. The challenge was taken up by Francisco Pizarro. He embarked on the quest to the South Sea that Balboa started, sailing with two partners: Diego de Almagro and Hernando de Luque.

Pizarro made two preliminary trips in 1524 and 1526, and then requested royal permission for the enterprise in Peru. He returned to Peru in 1531 to discover that the Inca Empire was undergoing a civil war. Atahualpa and his half-brother Huáscar were fighting for the Inca throne. Atahualpa won and soon received news of the white strangers landing on his shores.

They... Continue reading "The Spanish Conquest of the Inca Empire: Pizarro and Atahualpa" »

1 - Fill in the Gaps

Fill in the gaps with a suitable verb in the present perfect or the past simple. DO NOT

use contractions in your answers.

Dear Harriet,

I have been (be) here in Stockholm for three weeks already and I´m having the time of my life. As soon as I arrived (arrive) at the hotel I felt (feel) very sad. But I have already made (already make) some friends and I´m learning some Swedish. Some people I met took (take) me to Uppland last Saturday and we had (have) something to eat at a typical Swedish restaurant. I really enjoyed (enjoy) it. I have learnt (learn) how to cook a carrot cake but I haven´t tried it (not it try) yet. As soon as I get back I’ll show you how to do it. It’s delicious!!

It’s very late now and I must go... Continue reading "Mastering English Grammar: Exercises and Examples" »

I was going to talk about tennis, but many of my teammates have already covered that topic, and I believe you likely know even more about it than I do. Instead, I want to discuss one of my favorite things to do: traveling.

A Lifelong Passion

I have been fortunate that, since I was young, my parents have taken me to many different places—from Asia to America—and they still do today. From a very young age, I realized that traveling teaches you many things that you might otherwise ignore, such as:

• Different cultures and traditions
• Unique stories and histories
• Diverse cuisines
• New perspectives

You meet new people and often make friends who teach you even more about the world.

The Challenges of the Journey

The only aspect of traveling I dislike is sitting... Continue reading "The Transformative Power of Global Travel" »

Essential English Vocabulary for Advanced Learners

• Diagnosis, Circulation, Burglar, Demolition, Spotless, Congested, Affluent, Attempt, Live, Buzz, Voice, Trap, Housing, Urban, Rough, Good deed, Full, Small.
• Standards, Officer, Appalling, Thrilled, Inflation, Condition, Rep (Representative/Reputation), Scheme, Abolish, Abolition, Fraudulent, Heavy, Stereotype, Bemused, Steep, Assume, Commerce, Soak, Increase, Struck, Work, Get, Rip, Tackle.
• Close-knit, Heavy, Long, Quick, Verbal, Diverse, Central, False, Running elite, Safety pin, Power drill, Latest craze, Corruption, Punishment, Evasion, Happen, Commit, Protect, Attempt, Carry, Rant, Cynic, Incompetent, Amicable, Annul, Trashed, Instigate, Chronic, Shoulder, Award, File, Throw, Drift, Pay, Has,

What is Psycholinguistics?

Psycholinguistics is the study of the psychological aspects of language, the relationships between psychology and language, our neural capacity, and speech perception and production.

It is the study of language from the point of view of psychology, trying to understand how language is produced and understood.

Branches of Psycholinguistics

• General psycholinguistics: Theories of language functioning in adult language users.
• Developmental psycholinguistics: Mainly focuses on language acquisition by children.
• Applied psycholinguistics: Covers reading, writing, and bilingualism.

Related Disciplines

Psycholinguistics has several "siblings": neurolinguistics, biolinguistics (the origin and biological foundations of language), and... Continue reading "Psycholinguistics: Language Production and Perception" »

Irreversible Processes and Entropy (S)

An irreversible process is one that cannot be reversed by means of small changes in the environment. The direction in which an irreversible process proceeds is set by the change in entropy ($S$) of the system undergoing the process. Entropy $S$ is a state property of the system.

Fundamentals of Electric Charge

The strength of a particle's electrical interaction with objects around it depends on its electric charge, which can be either positive or negative. Charges with the same sign repel each other, and charges with opposite signs attract each other.

An object with equal amounts of the two kinds of charge is electrically neutral, whereas one with an imbalance is electrically charged.

Conductors and Insulators

• Conductors

Shock Waves: Formation and Mach Cone Angle

If the speed of a source relative to the medium exceeds the speed of sound in the medium, the Doppler equation no longer applies. In such a case, shock waves result. The half-angle of the Mach cone is given by:

Temperature Measurement and Thermometers

Temperature is an SI base quantity related to our sense of hot and cold. It is measured with a thermometer, which contains a working substance with a measurable property, such as length or pressure, that changes in a regular way as the substance becomes hotter or colder.

Zeroth Law of Thermodynamics: Thermal Equilibrium

When a thermometer and some other object are placed in contact with each other, they eventually reach thermal equilibrium. The reading of... Continue reading "Fundamental Concepts in Thermodynamics and Gas Behavior" »

Transverse and Longitudinal Waves

Mechanical waves can exist only in material media and are governed by Newton's laws. Transverse mechanical waves, like those on a stretched string, are waves in which the particles of the medium oscillate perpendicular to the wave's direction of travel. Waves in which the particles of the medium oscillate parallel to the wave's direction of travel are longitudinal.

Sinusoidal Waves

A sinusoidal wave moving in the positive direction of an x-axis has the mathematical form: y(x,t) = y_m sin(kx - ωt), where:

• y_m is the amplitude of the wave.
• k is the angular wave number.
• ω is the angular frequency.
• kx - ωt is the phase.

The wavelength (λ) is related to k by k = 2π/λ.

Wave Parameters

The period T and frequency f of the... Continue reading "Understanding Mechanical and Sound Waves: Physics Principles" »