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NORMS AFFECTING TRANSLATION: According to Toury Preliminary norms (which includes translation policy and directness of translation) Operational norms (Matricial norms, Textual-linguistic norms).

1.Many people dream of being famous,but do famous people have better lives?

The Road to Brazilian Independence (1815–1822)

Brazil was inhabited by the royal court led by King Dom João VI. In 1815, he named his son, Dom Pedro, the Regent Prince, giving him authority to govern Brazil when the King left or died.

The Constitutional Crisis and the Return to Portugal

In 1820, Portugal experienced the Constitutional Revolution, initiated by liberal constitutionalists. This movement led to the constituent assembly's meeting (known as the Cortes), which decided to create the first constitution of the kingdom and to demand the return of King Dom João from Brazil.

On April 26, 1821, the King left Brazil in the hands of his son Dom Pedro and returned to Portugal.

Military Manipulation and Dom Pedro's Resolve

The military took the... Continue reading "Dom Pedro I and Brazil's Declaration of Independence (1822)" »

Cuba suffered from its dependency on the U.S. and the reduced demand for sugar. In 1959, it became the scene of the most successful social revolution in Latin America.

Foundations of Cuban Independence

Key Figures and Early Resistance

José Martí was the leader and founder of El Partido Revolucionario Cubano (The Cuban Revolutionary Party). Afro-Cubans constituted the majority of the soldiers, known as the "Mambises". Women played an important role because they provided food and information, which led to the demand for women's rights.

Spanish Repression and Growing Unrest

General Valeriano Weyler killed many insurgents, fueling the Cubans' hatred for the Spanish rulers. Americans had many businesses in Cuba and were worried about the war because... Continue reading "Cuba's Revolutionary Path: From Colony to Nation" »

Reported Speech: Tense Transformations

Understanding how tenses change when converting direct speech to reported speech is crucial for accurate and effective communication. This document provides a clear breakdown of these transformations.

Topic 4: World Trade Organization (WTO)

Trade barriers are measures that governments or public authorities introduce to make imported goods or services less competitive than locally produced goods and services.

Effect of Trade Barriers

• Cause a limited choice of products and, therefore, would force customers to pay higher prices and accept inferior quality.
• Generally favor rich countries because these countries tend to set international trade policies and standards.
• Economists generally agree that trade barriers are detrimental and decrease overall economic efficiency, which can be explained by the theory of comparative advantage.

Legal and Illegal Trade Barriers

Illegal barriers: Violate international agreements and rules.

Legal barriers: Do not violate... Continue reading "World Trade Organization: Trade Barriers and Regulations" »

A New Nation

Understanding International Relations

International relations refers to interactions where the primary subjects are states, and the issues involved directly affect their national interests. Today, other significant social agents, such as multinational companies, also play a crucial role in international relations.

Key Characteristics of International Relations

• Diversification: International relations are implemented across a wide range of fields, promoting the establishment of institutions to address global problems.
• Globalization: This phenomenon impacts a larger number of states and other social agents, requiring them to confront global challenges and coordinate global interests worldwide.
• Institutionalization: International relations possess

The United States of America

The 48 contiguous states lie between Canada to the north and Mexico to the south. Alaska is the northern tip of North America, north and west of Canada. Hawaii is a group of islands about 2,400 miles (3,862 km) west of California in the Pacific Ocean. The country is formed by six main regions:

US Regions

• New England: Maine, New Hampshire, Vermont, Massachusetts, Connecticut, and Rhode Island.
• The Middle Atlantic: New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Delaware, and Maryland.
• The South: Runs from Virginia south to Florida and west as far as central Texas. This region also includes West Virginia, Kentucky, Tennessee, North Carolina, South Carolina, Georgia, Alabama, Mississippi, Arkansas, Louisiana, and parts of Missouri

The 9/11 Commission: Findings and Impact

In late 2002, congressional legislation, signed into law by President George W. Bush, created the National Commission on Terrorist Attacks Upon the United States, more commonly known as the 9/11 Commission. The independent, bipartisan commission was charged with preparing a complete report of the circumstances surrounding the terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001, including U.S. preparedness and immediate response, and with providing recommendations to guard against future attacks. The 9/11 Commission began its first hearings in New York City in the spring of 2003 and presented its findings in a public report released in July 2004.

Establishment of the 9/11 Commission

On November 27, 2002, U.S. President... Continue reading "The 9/11 Commission: Findings and Impact on US Security" »