Notes, summaries, assignments, exams, and problems for University

Vocabulary 1

• 1) A mortgage is a loan to buy property.
• 2) Money you put in the bank is called a deposit.
• 3) Money paid to a retired person is called a pension.
• 4) Securities representing part-ownership of a company are called stocks or shares.
• 5) The money invested in a business is its capital.
• 6) Bonds are interest-paying securities issued by companies that need to borrow money.
• 7) A takeover is when a company gains control of another one by buying its stocks.
• 8) A merger is when two formerly separate companies join together.

Vocabulary 2

• 1) Conglomerates: Groups of companies that have joined together.
• 2) Depositors: People who place money in bank accounts.
• 3) Deregulated: Abolished or ended rules and restrictions.
• 4) Fines: Sums of money paid as penalties

Problem 1: European Call Option Valuation

A stock price is currently at 40 euros. It is known that at month-end, the price will be either 42 euros or 38 euros. The risk-free interest rate is 8% per annum, continuously compounded. We have a call option with a strike price of 39 euros.

1. Shares for Riskless Portfolio: Calculate the number of shares to buy to create a riskless portfolio. Given Answer: 0.75 shares.
2. Cash for Replication: Determine the cash needed to replicate the portfolio at the end of the month. Given Answer: -57/2 euros.
3. One-Month European Call Value: What is the value of the one-month European Call option? Given Answer: 1.69 euros.
4. Put Option Value: What is the value of a corresponding put option? Given Answer: 0.43 euros.
5. Call-Put

1. Option Payoffs:

• Call Option: (S_T − K)⁺ = max(S_T − K, 0)
• Put Option: (K − S_T)⁺ = max(K − S_T, 0)
• Call Binary Option: 1 or Q$ when S_T > K, 0 otherwise.

2. Profit and Loss (P&L) Diagrams:

• An asset.
• A Future.
• Call option.
• Put option.
• A Binary option.
• An asset (current value 50 euros) and a Put option on the same asset with Strike 30. This strategy is used to cover potential losses, limiting them to 20 euros plus the option fee.
• Long Call + Put Option with the same Strike and Maturity. This strategy is used when a significant price movement is expected, but the direction is uncertain.
• Long position in a Call option with Strike 50 and Short Position in a Call option with Strike 60. Selling the call option reduces the overall cost of the strategy,

1. Volatility of Returns

- Small company stocks

2. Christine's Return

P0= $42.40, P1= $38.20, Divd= 1.4%

- [(38.20-42.4)/42.4] + 0.014 = -8.51%

3. Scott's Annual Return

200 shares, P0= $48, n= 4 months, dividend= $0.22

HPR= -0.120

- Annual return= (1-0.120417)^(12/4)-1 = -31.95%

4. Annualized Return

Annual returns: 15%, 12%, -18%, 2%, 37%, n=5

- Standard deviation= 20.03%

5. Stock Return Range

Stock return= 14.6%, standard deviation= 19.2%, two-thirds of the time?

- -4.6% to 33.8%

6. Forecasting Returns

Historical dollar-weighted... If you want to forecast, the best:

- Arithmetic average return

7. Jeanette's Future Value

Investment= $12,000, n=4, arithmetic average= 8.72%, geometric average= 8.43%

- FV= 12,000(1+0.0843)^4 = $16,587

8. Black Stone's Geometric Average

Demographic, Economic, and Political Crisis

Crisis did not affect all the kingdoms equally.

• Large demographic decline in Navarra and Catalonia.
• Social and Political Sphere: Persecuting religious minorities, social conflicts, seigneurial oppression, peasant and urban movements, and crisis in institutions.

State Formation Process

Interaction between institutions and organizations characterized the process.

Government Institutions: The Early Modern State Formation Process

From Feudalism to Centralization

• Administration of Justice: Carried out in three areas:
  • Corregidores
  • Chancillería
  • Royal Council
• Taxation: Alcabala (Hacienda).
• Council of Military Orders.
• The Cortes: For approving resources.
• The Brotherhood: To maintain public order.
• The Inquisition.

The Church'

Present simple or the present continuous

Beth often goes (go) to the cinema

We are learning (learn) the present simple the week

My father likes classical music but he doesn't like (not like) pop music

John and Chris are doing (do) their homework now

Tom's mother isn't working (not work) at the moment

My best friend has got (have got) two brothers and one sister

I can help you with the cooking. I am not studying (not study) today

Robert often visits (visit) his grandparents

Past simple – past continuous

We did (do) our homework at 6.30 p.m. yesterday

They met (meet) while they were studying (study) at the university

I didn't listen (not listen) when the teacher explained (explain) the problem

We saw (see) when we played (play) in the park

When I got up... Continue reading "English Grammar Exercises: Present Simple, Past Simple, Comparative, Gerunds, and Infinitives" »

Theravada

Theravada views itself as representing the original and authentic teaching of the Buddha. It emphasizes the pursuit of Nirvana through the individual’s own efforts. The Buddha is revered as one who achieved Nirvana and provided his teachings, the Dharma, so that others could do the same. But the Buddha himself is beyond the reach of the individual and no longer available to provide direct assistance. Theravada stays true to the Buddha’s last words: “Work out your salvation with diligence.” The individual pursues Nirvana primarily through meditation, for which the monastic lifestyle is best suited. Theravada therefore also emphasizes the central role of the monastic community, or Sangha. Those who do attain Nirvana are known... Continue reading "Theravada, Mahayana, Vajrayana: Key Differences and Concepts" »

INDEPENDENCE, CONSTITUTION, BILL OF RIGHTS

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ROAD TO INDEPENDENCE

WHY INDEPENDENCE? Two main ideological roots that are opposed:

US Federalism and the Division of Powers

Federalism is a system where two or more governments share powers over the same geographical area. The U.S. Constitution grants specific powers to both the federal (U.S.) government and the state governments. This system is fundamentally opposed to a centralized system of governance.

Categories of Governmental Power

Powers are generally categorized into three types:

• Expressed (or Enumerated) Powers: Granted specifically to the U.S. Federal Government by the Constitution (e.g., coining money, declaring war, maintaining an army, regulating immigration, conducting foreign treaties).
• Reserved Powers: Powers reserved to the States by the Constitution (e.g., property taxation, issuing driver's licenses, ensuring

Introduction to Quality Management

**Quality Evolution**. The concept of quality has always existed. Initially, artisans crafted final products from raw materials, guided by their own ideas. The Industrial Revolution followed, bringing with it "Taylorism." This led to increased productivity but decreased quality. A lack of competition meant quality was not a primary concern. Consumers had limited choices and often had to accept lower-quality products.

As competition emerged, quality became a differentiator, leading to the introduction of quality inspectors. Here's a breakdown of the evolution:

1. Product Inspection (1920s)

This initial phase focused on separating acceptable products from defective ones. Two primary methods were used:

• 100% Inspection: