Notes, summaries, assignments, exams, and problems for University

Asturian Architecture (9th Century)

San Julian de los Prados

• Structure: 3 naves inscribed in a rectangle with a basilica scheme.
• Features: 3-parted head covered with barrel vaults, Visigothic precedents, Roman arches, and semicircular arches.
• Design: Includes a narthex and interior mural decoration featuring fake arches without human figures.

Santa Maria de Naranco, Oviedo

• Structure: Compact stone volume with an inclined roof and two independent floors.
• Aesthetics: Rhythmical, vertical appearance with symmetrical floorplan.
• Details: Upper room with barrel vaults and transversal arches, buttresses, blind arches for lightness, and Corinthian capitals.

Mozarabic Architecture (10th Century)

Refers to Spanish-Roman citizens living in Andalusia during the

Construction System and Composition

The construction system is defined by arches that generate a second direction, with wooden beams on the ceiling made wider to provide support. Arches are positioned perpendicular to the Qibla, utilizing semicircular arches to support the structure alongside Corinthian capitals. The materials consist of grey and red bricks. Key components include:

• Beam-Wooden Roof Board
• Roof evacuation channel
• Plaster false edges vault
• Semicircular arch
• Rectangular pillar
• Horseshoe codal arch
• Roll modillion

Decoration and Structural Logic

Decoration features vegetal, geometrical, and calligraphic motives. The section of the pillar becomes wider to make it higher; otherwise, the columns would collapse, which is the primary reason for... Continue reading "Islamic Architecture in Al-Andalus: Umayyad to Nasrid" »

Historical Foundations of English Literature

The English language roots trace back to Old English (until 1066) and Middle English (until 1485), which was heavily influenced by French.

Anglo-Saxon Art and Culture

Anglo-Saxon art was marginalized after the Norman Conquest, though archaeological findings reveal a sophisticated culture. Principal materials included gold used in war jewelry. Symbolism was deeply rooted in paganism and nature.

• Snakes: Represented monstrous evil and divine power.
• Boars: Symbolized fertility, strength, and protection.
• Birds: Represented wisdom and victory (associated with Odin).

Anglo-Saxon kings resided in wooden palaces and imported materials from around the world.

Old English Epics and Elegies

Epics are defined as narratives... Continue reading "Anglo-Saxon and Medieval English Literature: A Historical Analysis" »

Understanding Inheritance in Python

Inheritance allows a class to use and extend the properties and methods of another class. It promotes code reusability and reduces duplication. Think of it as “child learns from parent.” 👨‍👦‍💻

Code Duplication: Program Without Inheritance

When classes share common attributes or methods (such as first_name, last_name, and get_age), implementing them separately leads to redundant code, as shown below:

import datetime

class TennisPlayer:
    def __init__(self, fname, lname, birth_year):
        self.first_name = fname
        self.last_name = lname
        self.birth_year = birth_year
        self.aces = []

    def get_age(self):
        now = datetime.datetime.now()
        return now.year -

C++ Pointer and Array Operations

This collection demonstrates fundamental C++ techniques for handling pointers, arrays, and memory management.

Core Functions

void squareByPointer(int* n) { 
    *n = (*n) * (*n);
}

void capitalizeFirst(char* word) { 
    word[0] = toupper(word[0]);
}

void fillWithSquares(int* arr, int size) {
    for (int i = 0; i < size; i++)
        arr[i] = i * i;
}

int sumArray(const int* arr, int size) {
    int sum = 0;
    for (int i = 0; i < size; i++)
        sum += arr[i];
    return sum;
}

void swap(int& a, int& b) {
    int temp = a;
    a = b;
    b = temp;
}

int* makeFilledArray(int size, int val) {
    int* arr = new int[size];
    for (int i = 0; i < size; i++)
        arr[i] = val;
    return

Pharmacology Fundamentals

Medical Prescription Components and Units

A medical prescription includes the date, patient identification (such as name, age, and weight if relevant), the Rx symbol (meaning "take"), the inscription (drug name, strength, dosage form, and quantity), the subscription (instructions to the pharmacist), the signatura or "Sig." (directions for the patient including route, frequency, and duration), the prescriber's information (name, signature, license number), and refill instructions. Units of measurement include micrograms (µg), milligrams (mg), grams (g), milliliters (mL), liters (L), concentrations such as percentage (%) and mg/mL, international units (IU), and sometimes weight per kilogram of body weight. Obsolete units... Continue reading "Pharmacology Essentials: Drug Forms, Actions, and Therapeutic Classes" »

Key Indigenous Concepts and Terminology

• Indigenous Historical Consciousness: The understanding of relationships between past, present, and future from an Indigenous perspective.
• Historicity: The idea that history is actively made and revolves around Indigenous peoples.
• Historical Recognition: Acknowledging the full and accurate historical narratives of Indigenous peoples.
• Sites of Pedagogy: Specific locations or contexts that serve as places of learning.
• Indigenousness: The holistic way of being, encompassing the deep connection between land and people as a whole.
• Sovereignty: The inherent right to self-governance and full rights for Indigenous nations.
• Métissage: The interweaving or separation of histories, often referring to cultural mixing or

Understanding Hybristophilia: Attraction to Criminals

Key Terminology Related to Hybristophilia

• Heinous: Horrible, extremely evil (atroz).
• Assault: A violent physical attack (agresión).
• Paraphilia: A condition characterized by abnormal sexual desire or activities (parafilia).
• Notoriety: The state of being famous or well-known, especially for something bad (mala fama).
• Hostage: A prisoner taken (rehén).
• Oppressor: One who treats people cruelly.
• Reciprocity: A mutual exchange of benefits, help, and support in a relationship.
• Susceptible: Easily influenced.
• Obscure: Not clear.
• Deed: An act (acción o hecho).
• Captor: One who takes a hostage.
• Allure: Attraction, charm (atraer).

Defining Hybristophilia

The term Hybristophilia is derived from the Greek roots:... Continue reading "Defining Hybristophilia, Sharenting, and Health Concepts" »

NLTK Text Processing Examples

Experiment 4: Basic Text Preprocessing

This section demonstrates fundamental text preprocessing steps using NLTK, including tokenization, stop word removal, filtering for alphabetic tokens, and stemming.

import nltk
from nltk.corpus import stopwords
from nltk.tokenize import word_tokenize
from nltk.stem import PorterStemmer
from nltk.corpus import words

text = "Random sampling is a method of choosing a sample of observations from a population to make assumptions about the population"

tokens = word_tokenize(text)
stop_words = set(stopwords.words('english'))
stemmer = PorterStemmer()

# 1. Lowercase and filter for alphabetic tokens
alpha_tokens = [token.lower() for token in tokens if token.isalpha()]

# 2. Filter

Church of La Vera Cruz, Segovia (12th Century)

• Centralized scheme floorplan
• Based on Dome of the Rock & Holy Sepulchre
• Central edicule
• Three apses head
• Quadrilateral bell tower
• Twelve-sided plan
• Two floors
• Buttresses
• Ribbed vault & Caliphal dome

Holy Sepulchre, Torres del Rio, Navarra (12th Century)

• C Templarios
• Octagonal plan
• Tower to get to the lantern
• Mudejar precedents
• Arabic star-shaped dome
• Apse in East
• Archivolts
• Parallel ribs
• Stone dome
• Pointed/midpoint arches

Templarios de Eunate Church, Navarra (12th Century)

• External cloister enclosing the Church
• East apse
• Tower with spiral stairs
• Ribs in dome pass through center
• Octagonal plan
• Dome starts in columns
• Midpoint arch

Cathedrals of St. James (11th Century)

• Central nave with barrel vaults
• Arches and transversal