Notes, summaries, assignments, exams, and problems for Teaching & Education

English Conditional Clauses

A. Conditional Clauses.

1) Zero Conditional: Suggestions and Facts

a) Suggestions: If + Present tense, Imperative = si + Presente de Indicativo, Imperativo.

Examples: If your back hurts, go to the doctor.

b) Facts: (They are not real conditional clauses): If / When / Unless + Present tense, Present tense / modal = si / cuando / a menos que + Presente de Indicativo, Presente de Indicativo.

Examples:

• If / When you get tired while driving, you must stop to rest.
• When you see a massive stampede of animals, a true disaster is coming.
• You can’t get into the underground unless you’ve got a ticket.

2) First Conditional: Possible Future Situations

a) If + Present Simple, Future Simple / can = si + Presente de Indicativo, Futuro... Continue reading "Understanding English Conditional Clauses: Zero, First, Second, and Third" »

Murketing

Murketing is an advertising strategy that avoids direct sales of a product and focuses instead on vagaries such as marketing buzz, brand identity, and publicity.^[1][2]

Contents

• 1 Examples
• 2 Usage and etymology
• 3 References
• 4 External links

Examples

Well-known examples of murketing include the launch of Red Bull, which spent millions of dollars promoting stealth events and competitions that had little to do with their actual product.^[3]Pabst Blue Ribbon similarly attempted to cultivate an apathetic image by deliberately not trying to sell or brand their product, knowing that doing so would have alienated their brand-weary potential customers.^[3] The use of viral videos, often unattributed or only indirectly... Continue reading "Understanding Murketing: A Deceptive Marketing Strategy" »

Topic Vocabulary - 6: Environment

Carbon footprint | Eco-friendly | Environment | Fossil fuels | Global warming | Greenhouse gases | Landfill site | Recycle | Rubbish dump | Separate rubbish | Sustainable development | Waste disposal

Words in the text: Grow

grow (verb) | grow food - cultivar | grows very well - crecen bien | growing - número | grow up - madurar | growing boy | growing (problem) - que crece | growth | it's growing on me - te va gustando poco a poco

Describing Processes and Quantities

get (+adjective) - se esta poniendo | lack - falta de algo | lead to - llevar a | rise - global warming is rising | trend - popular

Topic Vocabulary - 7: Consumerism

advertise (verb) | advertiser (publicista) | advertising (publicidad) | ban | bombarded

4.4. Neoliberal Industrial Policy: From vertical policies to horizontal measures and Structural Reforms (labour market reform, services’ reform, etc) since the 1970s

We shall look first at what actually happened, and later we will talk about the alternative and possible Keynesian alternative. In the wake of a shrinking working class, there was an important change in industrial policy since the 1980s. It began in the late 1970s with Margaret Thatcher and Ronald Reagan in the UK and US. Curiously, it was social democrat parties in Europe who produced the change.

Then, in 1982 Latin American countries were facing the debt crisis, and they were forced to open their economies and apply neoliberal policies. It was the end of the Third World project

Structure of the CEFRL:

The CEFRL is divided into 9 chapters + 4 annexes.

What are the aims of the Portfolio?

• Encourage all citizens to learn foreign languages at any level and all along their lives.
• Improve language learning processes and develop self-assessment skills.
• Facilitate the exchange and movement of citizens in Europe.
• Facilitate a worldwide (and European) tool in order to recognize and measure any L2 level of expertise.
• Encourage and support communication among citizens from different nationalities (in Europe), learning of different cultures, customs, and traditions.

Levels of the Common European Framework:

• C2: Proficiency level
• C1: Advanced level
• B2: Upper Intermediate level
• B1: Pre-intermediate level
• A2: Elementary level
• A1: Beginner level

Name

Listening Comprehension Exercises

1. The Amazon Rainforest

• The speaker: The Amazon is one.
• It is difficult: There is too much.
• It is a good: He can help.
• You will be: Humid.
• The best clothes: Trousers and shirts with...
• You should wear: Protection against insects.
• In those jungles: Some...
• The best you: To get up.

2. Competition and Teamwork

• The IYR: Three times.
• Jenny won: One year.
• In the competition: Receives.
• All the teams: Follow no orders.
• To be chosen: National.
• Teamwork: Is as important.
• Two years ago: Didn’t have.
• Last year: Build the robot.

3. Consumer Sales and Markets

• Customers: Might...
• The items: Looked like...
• Melany: A doll and...
• In the UK: At weekends.
• In America these sales take place: Garages.
• Car-boot: Everyone.
• In America these sales are: Meet

Writing Exercise

John was a child in a Boston neighbourhood who had no friends at school. One year, at Christmas, his parents gave him a teddy bear. He made a wish on that special night, and the next day, his teddy bear came to life. Ted soon became famous and worked in many television programmes. Then, they grew up, and John found a girlfriend.

John was at a party with his girlfriend. He called his friend Ted, who had also come to the party, to play with Flash Gordon. John and Ted decided to go with Flash, and John's girlfriend got angry. Then, John got angry too and fought with Ted. Finally, Ted talked with John's girlfriend to ask her to give John another chance.

Vocabulary List

• Gorgeous: muy guapo
• Appearance: aspecto físico
• Unappealing: poco

I am deeply concerned about the escalating issue of animal extinction. It is alarming that more and more species are facing this threat. Animals are among the most precious parts of our world, and we are tragically losing them. This situation demands our urgent attention.

Giraffes: Endangered by Deforestation & Poaching

The giraffe is one such animal in critical danger of extinction. A significant factor is the massive deforestation of its habitats by human activities. However, the primary cause remains illegal hunting. Hunters target giraffes because their meat is considered highly valuable and commands a high price. It's difficult to comprehend such actions; instead of harming animals, we must intensify efforts to protect them.

Elephants

What do the letters TPR stand for? Who invented TPR? How does the inventor see L1 and L2 learning? What are the characteristics?

Total physical response

By a professor of psychology, at San José State University, California. James Asher.

Asher sees first and second language learning as parallel processes.

Characteristics:

• TPR required initial attention to meaning rather than to form.
• Grammar is taught inductively.
• Directions are given by the teacher in the target language.
• A fix number of items are introduced at one time. According to Asher, It is possible for pupils to learn between 12-36 new items in one hour.
• Body movements are a powerful mediator for understanding organisation and storage or linguistic input.
• Although the imperative is the main

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