Notes, summaries, assignments, exams, and problems for Teaching & Education

Perfect Yet/Already

Already se refiere a algo que ha pasado antes o más pronto de lo que se esperaba y es traducido como “ya” en español.

Yet es usado para algo que esperábamos que sucediera, pero todavía no ha pasado. Tendemos a usarlo en frases negativas e interrogativas. En frases negativas puede ser traducido como "aún" o "todavía" y en preguntas como "ya". En contraste con los otros adverbios de esta lección, "yet" va al final de la frase.

- I've already drunk three coffees this morning. Don't write to John, I've already done it.

- I’m really hungry. I haven’t eaten yet. (Tengo mucha hambre. Todavía no he comido.)

Present Perfect Progressive

- The present perfect progressive expresses an action that recently stopped or is still... Continue reading "Perfect Yet/Already, Present Perfect Progressive, Used To, Indirect Question, Causative Have and Get" »

What is Linguistics?

A linguist is usually described as a person who is skilled in some way with a given language, including ancient languages. The term can be used to describe a person who specializes in linguistics, which is the study of language, or it can refer to someone who is well-versed in the translation, interpretation, and application of a language. At the same time, this title may be used for someone who is fluent in multiple languages.

In the academic sense, a linguist is a person who engages in and studies linguistics. This is the scientific study of language—both theoretical and practical. Such a person may be studying or professionally practicing either theoretical or applied linguistics.

Examples of theoretical linguistics include... Continue reading "Linguistics: Understanding Language Structure" »

Subject Pronouns

I, you, he, she, it, we, you, they

Object Pronouns

Me, you, him, her, it, us, you, them

Possessive Adjectives

My, your, his, her, its, our, your, their

We use "I'd like" to express desires.

We use "How's...?" to inquire about food.

Dialogues

Making a Reservation

A: How can I help you?
B: I'd like to make a reservation, please.
A: Certainly. For how many people?
B: For eight.
A: For eight people. And from what time?
B: Eight o'clock this evening.
A: Eight o'clock. And your name, please?
B: Yes, it's Kate Osbourne. O-S-B-O-U-R-N-E.
A: Thank you very much, Ms. Osbourne. We'll see you at 8:00.
B: Thank you.

Talking About Family

A: Have you got any children, Zayed?
B: Yes, I have.
A: Can you tell me about them?
B: Well, I've got a son. His name is Mohammed.... Continue reading "Spanish Pronouns, Dialogues, and Madrid Travel Costs" »

Scene: A Restaurant

David: Sorry, ladies. Your entrees are here; the main course will be served later so it doesn't cool down.

Claudia: Thank you, very kind.

David: A pleasure.

Miriam: How good is the food! The truth is that it's worth spending a bit more money and eating well.

Claudia: The truth is that, at the moment, I love everything.

David: Ladies, may I clear the entrees and serve the main course?

Miriam: Of course.

Claudia: Here you are.

David: Here are your hamburgers. Could you please cut into the meat to see if it is cooked to your liking?

Claudia: It's perfect.

Miriam: Perfect, thank you very much.

Claudia: My goodness! I'm full. I don't know if I'll be able to manage dessert.

Miriam: I am the same; this eating well is not my thing.

Ordering Dessert

David:

Field

Area of interest or study

Campo, área de estudio

She is an expert in her field

Es una experta en su campo

Specialise

Become an expert

Especializarse

Acquire

Gain

conseguir

Expertise

Knowledge

Experiencia, conocimiento

Lecturer

University teacher

Profesor de universidad

Tutorials

Students studying in small groups with a teacher

clase individual o con un pequeño número de estudiantes

Absences

Not being present

Ausencias

Get through

Pass

Superar

Graduate

Complete a first university degree

Graduarse

Scholarships

money for education provided on the basis of achievement or need

Becas

Tuition

Education

clases

Illiterate

Unable to read and write

Know-how

Skills and knowledge

Habilidades y conocimientos

Social networking sites

Faceboo, Twitter, Instagram

Redes sociales

Digital native

Person... Continue reading "University Vocabulary and Phrases" »

Nursery Vocabulary in Spanish and English

Furniture and Items

• La cama de los niños, una litera - Children's bed, a bunk bed
• El colchón - Mattress
• La almohada - Pillow
• La escalera - Ladder
• Un elefante de tela - Soft toy elephant, a cuddly toy animal
• Las bolas para contar - Counting beads
• El lápiz - Pencil
• El caballo de peluche - Toy horse for rocking and pulling
• El armario de la habitación de los niños - Children's cupboard
• El teléfono de juguete - Toy telephone
• Los juguetes - Toys
• La maestra de parvulario - Nursery teacher/nurse
• El niño del parvulario - Nursery child
• La muñeca bebé - Baby doll
• Los trabajos manuales - Handicraft
• El rompecabezas - Jigsaw puzzle
• La pasta de modelar - Modelling clay
• Los libros infantiles - Children's books
• El cochecito de

Naming the Source

• According to [the text/professor]…
• The [text/professor] says that…
• The [text/professor] states that…
• In the [lecture], it was said that…

Listing

• …, for one.
• First,…
• Second,…
• The first point that the professor makes is…
• The second point [he/she] addresses is…
• Besides that,…
• Moreover,…
• What’s more,…
• Next,…
• There’s also the fact that…
• Furthermore,…
• Additionally,…
• Finally,…

Giving Examples

• For example,…
• For instance,…
• [The professor] provides the example of [noun]…
• [The professor] elaborates on this by explaining…

Reporting the Professor’s Opinion

• [The professor] believes that…
• [The professor] disagrees with the text in that…
• [He/she] points out that…
• [He/she] refutes [this point] by noting that…
• [He/

·Classes of stakeholders can be identified based on possession, of one, two, or all three of the attributes: power, legitimacy, and urgency.

ØThere are four propositions of the classes of stakeholders.

·Proposition 1: Stakeholder salience will be positively related to the cumulative number of stakeholder attributes
·Proposition 2: Stakeholder salience will be low where only one of the stakeholder attributes – power, legitimacy, and urgency – is perceived by managers to be present (Called Latent Stakeholders)
·Proposition 3: Stakeholder salience will be medium where two of the stakeholder attributes – power, legitimacy, and urgency – are perceived by managers to be present. (Called Expectant Stakeholders)
·Proposition 4: Stakeholder... Continue reading "Classes of Stakeholders and Their Salience in Project Management" »

A. Meeting and Follow-Up

I'm writing to arrange a time for the meeting next week. We had arranged a meeting for tomorrow to discuss our business plans. Following conversations with our distributors, following a meeting of the ..., it has been decided to cut our training budget by... Due to the suggestions that our staff gave us, we have decided to promote this fact.

B. Requests and Apologies

I would be grateful if you could (give us a sample/ inform)-(send us details of your services). We would be pleased if you could inform us about how... I wonder if you could tell me what time... I apologize again for the changes, and I hope we can meet in the near future. If you are interested in working with us, please contact me at the above number to arrange... Continue reading "Essential Business English Phrases and Vocabulary" »

English Conditional Clauses

A. Conditional Clauses.

1) Zero Conditional: Suggestions and Facts

a) Suggestions: If + Present tense, Imperative = si + Presente de Indicativo, Imperativo.

Examples: If your back hurts, go to the doctor.

b) Facts: (They are not real conditional clauses): If / When / Unless + Present tense, Present tense / modal = si / cuando / a menos que + Presente de Indicativo, Presente de Indicativo.

Examples:

• If / When you get tired while driving, you must stop to rest.
• When you see a massive stampede of animals, a true disaster is coming.
• You can’t get into the underground unless you’ve got a ticket.

2) First Conditional: Possible Future Situations

a) If + Present Simple, Future Simple / can = si + Presente de Indicativo, Futuro... Continue reading "Understanding English Conditional Clauses: Zero, First, Second, and Third" »