Notes, summaries, assignments, exams, and problems for Teaching & Education

1. L1 TRANSFER: The influence that learner’s L1 exerts over the acquisition of L2. Positive, negative transfer, overuse/avoidance. Theoretical accounts of L1 transfer: -Behaviourism: errors were the result of interference. The habits of the L1 were supposed to prevent the learner from the learning habits of the L2. -Contrastive analysis: comparison of the 2 languages were carried out using CA. -Mentalist accounts of L2 acquisition: a few errors were the result of L1 transfer. -Cognitive accounts of L2 acquisition: transfer is a cognitive process. L1 as a kind os input from the inside. + Learners perceptions: learners have perceptions regarding the linguistic features of their own language. Learners have a sense of what features in their L1 are

End of Year Test 1

Vocabulary

1. Boring
2. Under
3. Preparing
4. Confident

Vocabulary

1. Disrespectful
2. Sensitive
3. Stylish
4. Modest

Verbs

1. Looking
2. Come
3. Apologize
4. Replaced

Expressions

1. Made a fortune
2. Out of the blue
3. Take part
4. Got good grades

Adjectives

1. Optimistic
2. Get
3. Illegal
4. Useful

Does the lesson provide for adequate assistance for students who do not learn from the initial procedure?

If only everyone "got it" right the first time! The reality is that almost no lesson is 100% reliable. That means some students will fall behind. They "won't get it," and you need to think about what to do about that. The problem is compounded because you are confronted with the real problem of what to do with the students who did "get it" while you are attending to those who didn't. Usual pedagogical thinking suggests that the "got it" students can be given some ancillary work, or some enrichment materials while you work with the students who need your help

Does the lesson provide adequate practice to permit consolidation and integration

Synonym:

A synonym is a word or phrase that means exactly or nearly the same as another lexeme in the same language. We can distinguish 2 different sub-forms:

• Total synonyms: airman - pilot or car - automobile
• Partial synonyms: car – vehicle

Metaphor:

A figure of speech in which a word or phrase literally denoting one kind of object or idea used in place of another to suggest a likeness or analogy between them

Ex: 'Life is a journey.'

Differentiation:

The differentiation are the different reading of a sentence that is determined by the context.

Ex: I understand what you have said:

• I see your point.
• I can understand your language.

The Principle of Consistent Interpretation:

At the level of utterance meaning, a composite expression is always interpreted... Continue reading "Understanding Language: Synonyms, Metaphors, and Differentiation" »

1. Blame it all on: Mr. Selfridge

He was the first person to write the phrase: "The customer is always right." He always thought that the customer always has to win.

2. Empty vs Full Words: Sarah Hatter

Sarah Hatter talks about achieving the best customer communication by first taking care of your daily basis, curating your language, removing robotic and empty words, and adding more sincere and human "full" words.

• Empty words: feedback, issue, we don't
• Full words: Thank you, really sorry, great idea

3. The New Times

This section discusses why customer service in hospitality is everything. The days when customers were happy only to receive thanks are gone. We have to take into account the level of customer satisfaction to provide the best customer... Continue reading "The Customer is Always Right: Exploring Modern Customer Service" »

I. Memory___________________________________________

A. Creating mental linkages

GroupingLR,

Associating/elaboratingLR,

placing new words Into a context A

B. Applying images and sounds

Using ImageryLR,

Semantic MappingLR,

Ussing KeywordsLR,

Representing Sounds In Memory LRS

C. Reviewing well: Structured Reviewing A

D. Employing action:

Using Physical response or sensationLR,

Using mechanical techniquesLRW

II. Cognitive______________________

A. Practicing:

RepeatingA,

Formally practicing With sounds and writing systemsLSW,

Recognizing and using Formulas and patternsA

Recombining SW,

Practicing Naturalistically A

B. Receiving and sending messages:

Getting the idea QuicklyLR,

Using resources for Receiving and sending messages A

C. Analyzing and reasoning

ReasoningDeductive

Approach

Philosophy about teaching and learning a second language. Principles concerning the nature of language.

Method

System of principles and rules about learning a second language. The overall plan for the instruction of the target language, which is strictly based on and consistent with the selected approach.

Technique

Implementational. It is any activity that actually takes place in the classroom in harmony with the preferred method.

Total Physical Response

Parents have “large body conversations” with their children. The parent instructs, and the child physically responds to this. Even though it can't speak during this time, the child is taking in all of language. The teacher then says the command and the students all do the action. Repeating... Continue reading "Approach, Method, and Technique in Second Language Learning" »

Gun Control

The Debate on Teachers Carrying Guns

After the incident that happened in Florida last February, Donald Trump proposed that teachers should carry guns in schools. Is this the best solution?

I think it is one of the worst ideas he could have suggested. Both teachers and students could be affected, regardless of age, as it depends on the individual's mindset.

Despite the occurrence of many crimes like this, I cannot understand why some people support the sale of weapons.

Nevertheless, there are people who are beginning to speak out against it, and this is a positive development.

The Need for Stricter Gun Laws

The first step we should take is to ban the sale of weapons worldwide. If we achieve this, things will change.

Feminism

The #MeToo Movement

This... Continue reading "Social Issues in the 21st Century: Gun Control, Feminism, and Immigration" »

Linguistic Theories of Language

1. Behaviorism: According to behaviorism, habits form when learners' responses to external stimuli are positively reinforced. To behaviorist psychologists, language is another form of behavior that can be conditioned. The language teaching method associated with behaviorism is called audiolingualism. In this method, the stimulus-response-reinforcement cycle is realized through practice drills.

2. Structuralism: Originating partly from the work of Saussure, structuralism posits that language is speech, not writing. This means spoken language is paramount, and what a native speaker says is vital for learning.

3. Humanism: Humanistic approaches emerged in the mid-twentieth century, partly as a reaction to "de-humanizing" psychology.

1. Learning Theories and Their Influence on Learning

Behaviorism (Motivation through Rewards and Punishments)

Behaviorism is a learning theory based on the idea that learning occurs through pleasurable or painful consequences (positive/negative reinforcers and punishments). It focuses on controlling and developing motivation.

Cognitivism (Memorization and Information Processing)

Cognitivism explores how information is received, organized, stored, and retrieved by the mind through the processes of retention and recall. It aims to increase lexical items and improve memory.

Constructivism (Creating Your Own Knowledge)

Constructivism emphasizes the creation of knowledge from experiences and ideas. It encourages peer group/class discussions and allows... Continue reading "Learning Theories and Their Impact on Language Acquisition" »