Notes, summaries, assignments, exams, and problems for Teaching & Education

Monologic Discourse Genres: The Proposed Limit

• The proposed limit should involve an original contribution on a topic. The novelty may reside in ideas or the approach.
• The topic chosen should be as limited as possible. The narrower the field, the better it works and the safer it is.
• The project should be based on a thorough and rigorous reading of the contributions that have been made previously on the subject.
• The student must demonstrate the ability to assimilate and synthesize these ideas. The first part should include all collected readings, properly cited.
• The student must be convinced of the soundness of their project. In the defense of a project, the student is the most knowledgeable person in the world on their topic.
• The student should be

Vocabulary

English - Spanish

• Option: Opción
• College: Instituto CFT
• Qualification: Calificación
• Higher: Superior
• Job: Trabajo (como sustantivo)
• Invaluable: Muy valioso
• Further: Más
• Prospective: Futuro
• Field: Gran extensión de algo
• Staff: Personal/Grupo de personas
• Several: Muchos
• Loans: Préstamo
• Debt: Deuda
• Enable: Permitir
• Current: Actual
• Advisors: Asesores
• Fed-up: Agotado
• Undertaken: Emprender
• Make up your mind: Decidirse
• Relationship: Relación
• Between: Entre
• Employment: Empleo
• Degree: Grado académico
• Part/Full time: Tiempo completo/Tiempo medio
• Employer: Empleador
• Applying for: Buscar trabajo
• Technical Training Centers: Centro de Formación Técnica
• Learning: Aprendiendo
• Can and May: Poder
• Anyone; Any age: Alguien de cualquier edad
• Something: Algo
• Needed: Requerido
• Skills:

Present Perfect Simple

(+) S + have/has + past participle + C
(-) S + haven't/hasn't + past participle + C
(?) Has/have + S + past participle + C?

Uses

• Completed actions at an unspecified time in the past.
• Recently completed actions where the result is important now.
• Actions that began in the past and continue to the present.
• Periods of time still continuing (e.g., today, this week, this year).

Present Perfect Continuous

(+) S + have/has + been + verb-ing + C
(-) S + haven't/hasn't + been + verb-ing + C
(?) Have/has + S + been + verb-ing + C?

Uses

• Actions beginning in the past and continuing in the present.
• To provide emphasis.
• To focus on the action itself.

Present Perfect Time Expressions

For, since, just, already, yet, ever, never.

• Ever: Used in interrogative

Sustainable Development: Responding to Environmental Crises

Sustainable Development and International Agreements

• Sustainable development is development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs (1987).
• Following the United Nations Conference on Environment and Development (UNCED) held in Rio in 1992, sustainable development principles and environmental considerations have been reflected in international agreements at all levels. However, the meaning is not always consistent: some understand sustainability in terms of solidarity between peoples and generations, while others focus on the continuity of the economic system and societal welfare. These perspectives often conflict.

Discourse as a Verbal Structure

• Modes of Discourse:

• Talk or spoken discourse comprises everyday conversations and other types of dialogues, such as parliamentary debates, board meetings, etc.

• Text or written discourse defines the large set of discourse types, comprising, for example, news reports in newspapers, textbacks, advertising, etc.

• Typology of Discourse: They define sets or classes of discourse types. We may use discourse modes to define genres—conversations, poems, reports, etc.

• Order and Form:

• The formal structure of sentences in discourse is not independent of the rest of discourse for the context.

• Meaning:

• Is the abstract sense of discourse, which is called semantic representation. Meaning is something assigned to a discourse by language

Narrative Techniques in Angela Vicario's Story

There are also parallels in the construction of sentences ("started beating me," "I began to remember," followed by "weighing," "kept thinking," "when he heard the screaming... And his mother came..."). We have already discussed how repeated words really count. There is also a gradation in the intensity of Angela's feelings, culminating in her real misfortune—her love for Bayardo—as seen in the last paragraph.

Alternating Narration and Description

In the piece, narration and description alternate. The dialogue, known for its brevity, introduces a brisk pace and strengthens Angela's testimony ("It was he."). In the first paragraph, the description of Nasar is highlighted through verbs in the imperfect

check-book e = No. Of order, date, sender, class, attachments, extract its contents, which receives the communication department. In many enterprises not only recorded and note the correspondence, but it is stamped on a rubber stamp with a box that prints the following details: registration number, date of arrival, the receiving department and date of defense, Output correspondence = Different departments of correspondence addressed to department letters or docs that are sending to their clients; Paper output correspondence = Order No, date, recipient, kind, attachments, comments, book entry registration record fax = Em this book write down all the faxes received by the company as well as a brief summary of its content and the receiving department.... Continue reading "Content" »

Criticism is the activity displayed by the reader to identify the strengths, weaknesses, and inconsistencies of a text in order to accept, reject, or suggest modifications.

Criticism fosters progress, achievement, and advances knowledge of the truth.

Steps to Critique a Reading:

1. Synthesize information from different texts and/or experts on the subject.
2. Engage in critical discussion.
3. Accept, reject, or modify the reading's content.
4. Put the reading into practice with prior planning.
5. Enrich the reading by observing and recording the results of practice.

• Critical reading is a technique for discovering ideas and information within a written text.
• Critical thinking is a technique for evaluating information and ideas to decide what to accept and believe.

FORMAL E-MAIL:

• GREETINGS: (Dear Sir/ Madam);(To whom it may concern); Dear Mr/Ms...)
• INTRODUCTION: (my name is... and I am writing with regard to...); (I would like...)
• BODY: (I would really appreciate if you could...)
• CONCLUSION: (thank you for your help);( I look forward to hearing from you); (please feel free if you have any question)
• DESPEDIDA: (Yours sincerely, yours cordially);(Respectfully)

INFORMAL E-MAIL:

• OPENING SALUTATION: (Hi ...,)
• BODY: (How are you? hope you are well.); (thanks for your e-mail, it was great to hear from you) (sorry for not writing earlier)
• INTRODUCE THE TOPIC: (I'm writing to thank you for...);(Listen, did I tell you about...); (I was wondering if you could help me.)
• CLOSING LINE: (well, that's all for now); (hope to hear

Accounting in Ancient Civilizations

The earliest civilizations that arose on earth had to find a way to record certain facts with arithmetic projection, which occurred too often and too complex to be retained by the memory.

Mesopotamia

The famous Code of Hammurabi, promulgated about the year 1700 AD, contained criminal law, civilian and commercial standards. It regulated contracts such as loans, sales, leases, fees, deposits, and other forms of civil and commercial matters.

Egypt

If accounting was important among the peoples of Mesopotamia, it was even more necessary in a society as rigidly centralized as pharaonic Egypt.

Greece

The Hellenic temples, as had happened many centuries before in Mesopotamia and Egypt, were the first places in ancient Greece... Continue reading "Accounting History: From Ancient Civilizations to Modern Profession" »