Notes, summaries, assignments, exams, and problems for Teaching & Education

Text Properties: Definition and Characteristics

A text is a complete communication unit, whether oral or written, that occurs in a particular situation with a specific communicative intention. Its essential properties or characteristics are adequacy, coherence, and cohesion.

Understanding Text Properties: Adequacy and Coherence

A text demonstrates adequacy when it is well-adapted to the issuer's communicative intention and the specific communication situation.

A text is coherent if its various statements meet the following criteria:

• They are interrelated, meaning they refer to the same subject.
• They maintain a logical relationship.
• They do not contradict each other.
• They advance the information, providing new insights.

Linguistic Cohesion: Lexical and

Letter of Appointment

Dear Mr. Ryder,

Following our final interview stage, we are pleased to inform you that you have exceeded all our expectations for the position of Chief of Sales at our headquarters.

Enclosed, please find two copies of the employment contract. Kindly sign both copies and return them to Mr. F. Barbier, Head of Human Resources. The other attached forms provide information on:

• Retirement assessment
• Dining room staff
• Social club and sports facilities
• Fringe benefits
• General company policy

Employee Reference

TO WHOM IT MAY CONCERN

My name is Salvador Gutierrez, Director of the Commercial Expeditions Department at PECOS Consulting SA. I am writing to recommend Mr. Antonio Manzano López.

I worked with Mr. Manzano on the "CIDER RED" project... Continue reading "Essential Employment Letter Samples" »

What is Speaking Properly?

It means using the word we want to say with its true meaning. Someone who commits an impropriety links a signifier to a signified that is not theirs.

Segmental and Non-Segmental Phonemes

Segmental phonemes are elements. Are there elements in this system that are not segmental? Cite those you know.

Within the phonological level, in addition to the segmental elements, are suprasegmental features or prosodemes: accent and intonation. Intonation is necessary to utter a complete sentence and is necessary to emphasize a word. It is therefore not said as with the segmental phonemes.

What is Speaking Correctly?

Speaking involves dominating the three levels of language:

• Phonological level: Correctly pronounce all the sounds of the

The specialized language used in scientific and technical texts is considered a subcode of a natural language, primarily utilized for the transmission of knowledge. This subcode is characterized by its focus on the referential function and denotation, emphasizing clarity, precision, and conciseness.

To achieve universality of terms, standards bodies have established specific terminology. Furthermore, this specialized communication often incorporates non-linguistic signs.

Core Objectives and Communicative Elements

The main objective of scientific and technical texts is to report on the activity and progress within science and technology. The specific characteristics of this discourse are conditioned by several key elements:

• Communicative Goal: The

Branches of Linguistics

General Versus Descriptive Linguistics

1. General Linguistics: Supplies the concepts and categories in terms of which particular languages (L1, L2, L3, etc.) are analyzed.
2. Descriptive Linguistics: Provides the data (i.e., given specific or broad aspects of L1, L2, L3, etc.) that confirm or refute the hypotheses, statements, or theories proposed by general linguists.

On the whole, General and Descriptive Linguistics are interdependent, complementary subfields within linguistics as a scientific study, i.e., as an empirical scientific study or discipline within the human (i.e., social) sciences.

Theoretical Versus Applied Linguistics

1. Theoretical Linguistics

   Studies language and languages with a view to constructing a theory of their

Evolution of Environmental Education Concepts

1. Tbilisi (1977)

   Results of a reorientation and coordination of various disciplines and educational experiences, providing an environmental perception enabling actions responsive to current needs.

2. Moscow (1987)

   A permanent process where individuals and the community become aware of their environment and acquire knowledge, values, and experience, so that they will be able to act individually and collectively to resolve current and future environmental problems.

3. Roque (2002)

   A continuous and permanent process, integral to education, aimed at building knowledge, developing skills and habits, forming attitudes and values, and fostering a harmonious relationship between humanity and nature. This orientation

Els Mitjans de Comunicació i el Diari

Un mitjà de comunicació és qualsevol instrument usat per a rebre i transmetre idees i informació. Actualment, s'usa el terme per a designar uns ens capaços d'arribar a un gran públic amb la informació, l'entreteniment o la propaganda.

El Diari d'un Home

L'estructura d'un diari inclou: la capçalera, el titular principal, altres titulars, subtítols, fotos, peus de fotos, etc.

Tipus de Diaris

• Tradicional
• Tabloide (xafarderies)
• Esportiu
• Econòmic
• Modern i variat

Normes Ortogràfiques de la A i la E

Ús de les lletres a i e en català:

Excepcions amb la lletra E

S'escriuen amb e els mots acabats en: -ista, -cida, -arca, -ma, -ta. Exemples: artista, homicida, monarca, drama, poeta.

Excepcions amb la lletra E a final

English Grammar: Conditionals

First Conditional

The first conditional expresses a possible future condition, describing situations or connections between events that are likely to happen. It is used to refer to possible results and actions.

Structure: If + present simple + will + infinitive (without to) / imperative

Example: If he invites me, I will go to the party.

Second Conditional

The second conditional expresses an unreal present or future condition, describing situations that are unlikely to happen. The verb in the past tense does not refer to the past, but rather to a condition that does not exist in reality.

Structure: If + past simple + would/could/might + infinitive (without to)

Example: If I had money, I would buy an ice cream.

Third Conditional

The... Continue reading "Mastering English Conditionals and Relative Pronouns" »

The Concept of Text and Its Properties

A text is an upper unit consisting of statements, oral or written, that maintain a relationship. Every text is produced with an intention and within a specific communicative situation. The text presents two primary properties: coherence and cohesion.

Coherence and Cohesion

Coherence gives the text a unit of meaning; the information conforms to a topic, is relevant, and is organized. Cohesion is a relationship between the parts of a text using linguistic elements. To achieve this, you can use different resources:

• Recurrence: The repetition of an item of text within the text itself. The elements that achieve the cohesion of the text are lexical recurrence and synonymy.
• Replacement: The repetition of an item using

Periphrasis of Obligation

Periphrasis of obligation refers to constructions that express necessity or duty.

Personal Obligation

To know the subject. For example, 'having + to + infinitive'. We've analyzed the components.

Impersonal Obligation

• 'Having + to + infinitive': This problem must be analyzed.
• 'Need + infinitive': A bicycle helmet must be worn.
• 'Was necessary + infinitive': It is necessary to give blood.
• 'Need to be + infinitive': No need to look under the microscope.

Adverbial Subordinate Clauses

Final Adverbial Subordinates (Purpose)

Conjunctions include: why, so that, in order that, for, in order to, so as to.

Causal Adverbial Subordinates

Conjunctions include: because, since, for, given that, as.

Consecutive Subordinates

Conjunctions include: so.