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Key English Grammar Structures Comparison

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English Verb Tenses and Structures Reference

Present Perfect vs. Present Perfect Continuous

Present Perfect Simple

(Él ha hablado)

  • Affirmative (A): has/have spoken
  • Negative (N): hasn’t/haven’t spoken
  • Question (Q): Has/Have...spoken

Use for:

  • Actions that started in the past and continue up to now.
  • Completed actions (e.g., Since it started, John has raised $2 million).

Present Perfect Continuous

(Él ha estado hablando)

  • A: has/have been speaking
  • N: haven’t been speaking
  • Q: Have been speaking

Use for:

  • Continuity of actions that started in the past, continue in the present, and may continue in the future.
  • Example: Mary has been learning Spanish since September.

Adverbs often used: for, since, already, ever, just, never, yet, so far, up to now.

Adverbs often

... Continue reading "Key English Grammar Structures Comparison" »

Understanding Modal Verbs and English Grammar

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Modal Verbs in English

Obligation:

  • Must (deber, tener que)
  • Have to (tener que)

Must is used for orders and strong obligations, while have to is often used in a more general sense.

Prohibition:

  • Mustn't (no deber)
  • Can't (no poder)

Mustn't is more commonly used.

Necessity:

  • Need to (necesitar)

Permission:

  • Can (poder)
  • May (poder)
  • Could (podría)

Can and could are used more informally, while may is more formal.

No Necessity:

  • Needn't (no necesitar)
  • Don't have to (no es necesario que...)

Recommendations, Advice, Opinions:

  • Should (deberías)
  • Ought to (deberías)

Negative recommendations: Shouldn't and Oughtn't

Ability:

  • Can (present)
  • Be able to (future)
  • Could (past)

Understanding Advice, Nouns, and Suffixes

A piece of advice: un consejo
Advisable: aconsejable
Advise: aconsejar... Continue reading "Understanding Modal Verbs and English Grammar" »

Amazonian Ordeal: Plane Crash, Betrayal, and Tribal Salvation

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Amazon Plane Crash: A Fight for Survival

For the inaugural passenger flight of a new, larger, and more luxurious plane, several celebrities, journalists, and engineers were invited to make the journey from Miami to Buenos Aires. However, as they flew over the Amazon River, the plane encountered severe problems and crashed. Only four individuals survived: Brunt, Cathy, John, and Jane.

First Encounters and Misunderstandings

Remarkably, the survivors sustained no serious injuries. All communication devices were spoiled, rendering them useless. They walked through the dense forest until they stumbled upon the Yanomami, a tribe native to the Amazon. The Yanomami were kind and offered assistance, but the four survivors, fearing they were cannibals,

... Continue reading "Amazonian Ordeal: Plane Crash, Betrayal, and Tribal Salvation" »

Understanding Pragmatics: Language and Context

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UNIT 1 PRAGAMATICS

INTRODUCTION

  • Deixis: Refers to words and phrases that cannot be fully understood without additional contextual information. Pointing via language.

“You’ll to bring this tomorrow because it is not here”

  • Referenic. Act by which a speaker uses language to enable a listener to identify something.

  • Inference: Additional information used by the listener to connect what is said to what must be MEANI

  • Anaphora: Subsequent reference to an already introduced entity

“My brother came to see me. He was furious”

  • Supposition: What a speaker assumes is true or known by what he hears

“Your qualified is waiting outside” → You heard a qualified

  • Politeness: showing awareness of others' perform fave. Fave = public self-image

    • Fave-threatening

... Continue reading "Understanding Pragmatics: Language and Context" »

Effective Language Learning Strategies and Examples

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Describe two direct and another two indirect strategies you usually use for language learning. Write about the specific strategy and not about the strategy group. Explain them and give one example of how you use them for language learning.

1. Direct Strategy Grouping (Memory Strategy)

Involves classifying or reclassifying what is heard or read into meaningful groups, thus reducing the number of unrelated elements. It sometimes involves labeling the groups, as well.

In my case, when I am learning a foreign language, in this case, English I tend to use this Strategy. While I read a text I underline the words I did not understand such as, friendly, lively, lonely, much, little, several, as soon as, after, however, etc. Then I group them in three... Continue reading "Effective Language Learning Strategies and Examples" »

Hellenistic Medicine: Key Figures and Texts

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Pharos

Definition:

An island near Alexandria. On the island was a lighthouse.

Location in texts:

Homer’s Odyssey

Significance/theme:

The lighthouse was a great ancient wonder. It shows the large significance and impact that Alexandria had. It also demonstrates the power of Ptolemy.

Callimachus of Cyrene (c. 310-240 BCE)

Definition:

Callimachus was a famous poet and librarian in Alexandria.

Location in texts:

Callimachus’ Pinakes

Significance/theme:

He was responsible for producing a bibliographic survey based upon the contents of the Library. His work provided the foundation for later work on the history of Greek literature.

Nicander of Colophon (2nd c. BCE)

Definition:

Greek poet, physician, and librarian.

Location in texts:

Nicander’s Theriaka and Alexipharmaka

Significance/

... Continue reading "Hellenistic Medicine: Key Figures and Texts" »

Effective Communication Strategies for English Language Teaching

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Communication is the exchange of information (ideas, desires..) between two or more people for different reasons and by different means.

Elements communication process: sender, receiver, message, channel, code and context. Additional elem: affective component, age, interlanguage. Proposed pattern for any lesson: warm-up, presentation, practice, production. Listening: Pre-listening, during-, post.

3 strategies to speaking: questions and answers, instructions and directions, interviews.

Theater is important: Concentration is so difficult for kids. They need to make associations through their senses / Theater normally reflects pupils interests and world.

Stories are important: Enjoyment and fun. Pupils need to be motivated to learn. / Real context.... Continue reading "Effective Communication Strategies for English Language Teaching" »

English to Spanish Vocabulary for Shopping and Value

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English-Spanish Shopping & Value Vocabulary

Nouns

Bargain
ganga
Brand name
nombre de marca
Customer service
atención al cliente
Discount
descuento
Genius
genio
Luxury item
artículo de lujo
Passer-by
transeúnte
Price tag
etiqueta de precio
Rip-off
estafa
Status symbol
símbolo de estatus

Verbs

Afford
permitirse
Appreciate
apreciar
Cost
costar
Cough
toser
Earn
ganar
Exchange
intercambiar
Fit
quedar bien
Ignore
ignorar
Imagine
imagina
Recognise
reconocer
Try on
probarse

Adjectives

Attached
adjunto
Brand-new
a estrenar
Fake
falso
Grateful
agradecido
Outstanding
sobresaliente
Overpriced
con sobreprecio
Second-hand
segunda mano
Sensible
sensato
Talented
talentoso
Upset
molesto
Useful
útil
Well made
bien hecho

Common Phrases & Idioms

A good deal
una buena oferta
Cost a fortune
costar una fortuna
Good quality
buena
... Continue reading "English to Spanish Vocabulary for Shopping and Value" »

Why species is called the basic unit of systematic biology

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INEBI is to use English while you work other subject's content. It is related to CLIL And communication. Inebi introduces English to 4 years pupils.

Inebi has two aims:

1.To improve the pupil’s competence

2.To improve the teacher’s teaching Practise

Language Is considered a communication tool and learned by using it in interactive Situations and integrating contents. Besides, to communicate in English Sometimes use the children mother tongue.

The Teacher proposed cognitive challenges to foster intrinsic Motivation and find a balance between accuracy and fluency.

Pupil’s Autonomy is searched by involving learners in content Decisions (for example, the planning)

The Didactic units contain 4 parts:

1.Introduction

2.Activity sequence

3.Appendix

4.

... Continue reading "Why species is called the basic unit of systematic biology" »

Essential English Vocabulary: Phrases and Definitions

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Master these key English words, phrases, and idioms, complete with accurate Spanish translations and practical example sentences to enhance your fluency.

Common Phrases and Idioms

  • Bored to death: (Muerto de aburrimiento). Example: "I was bored to death."
  • Live show: (Actuación en directo). Example: "Tonight is OT's final live show."
  • Waste of time: (Pérdida de tiempo). Example: "Colossal waste of time for researchers."
  • Have a good time: (Pasar un buen rato). Example: "You seem to know how to have a good time."
  • Keep going: (Continuar). Example: "I can't keep going like this."
  • (Be) worth it: (Valer la pena). Example: "This trip might not be worth it."
  • (Be) good for a laugh: (Bueno para echarse unas risas). Example: "That would be good for a laugh."
  • Ahead
... Continue reading "Essential English Vocabulary: Phrases and Definitions" »