Notes, summaries, assignments, exams, and problems for Spanish

Essential English Basics

Common Questions with 'To Be'

Am Questions

• Where am I?
  ¿Dónde estoy?

• Am I not fired?
  ¿No estoy despedido?

• Am I dancing wrong?
  ¿Estoy bailando mal?

• Am I not going the right way?
  ¿No estoy yendo por el camino correcto?

• What am I doing?
  ¿Qué estoy haciendo?

• What am I going to do?
  ¿Qué voy a hacer?

Are Questions

• Are you a doctor?
  ¿Eres un médico?

• Are you practicing a lot?
  ¿Estás practicando mucho?

• Aren’t we going to the university now?
  ¿No estamos yendo a la universidad ahora?

• Are John and Paul the famous rock singers?
  ¿John y Paul son los famosos cantantes de rock?

• When are you leaving New York?
  ¿Cuándo te vas de Nueva York?

• How are they going to buy that expensive car?
  ¿Cómo van a hacer para comprar ese auto costoso?

Is Questions

• Is

Enhance Your English Writing

PARA REDACCIÓN: To begin with, I would like to say that this is a controversial matter, and it is very difficult to give just one point of view. In fact, if we asked people what they thought about it, we would find a lot of different ideas. On the one hand, we can say that ____ has many advantages, for example: ___. However, on the other hand, we can also find some disadvantages, such as: ___. From my point of view:

IMPORTANTE:

• According to
• Instead (use this in its place)
• However (sin embargo)
• Whereas (mientras que)
• Since/For
• Although (aunque)
• In spite of (a pesar de)
• In fact (de hecho)
• Furthermore (además)

Verbs That Confuse

• Realized: to become aware of something; Noticed: something you see or hear.
• Raise: to lift an object;

English Verb Tenses

• Present Simple: I play, he plays (Yo juego)
• Present Continuous: I'm playing (Yo estoy jugando)
• Past Simple: I played (Yo jugué)
• Past Continuous: I was playing (Yo estaba jugando)
• Future: Going to (Voy a jugar), Will (Jugaré)
• Future Continuous: Will be playing (Yo estaré jugando)
• Present Perfect Simple: I have eaten (Yo he comido)
• Present Perfect Continuous: I have been eating (Yo he estado comiendo)
• Past Perfect Simple: I had eaten (Yo había comido)
• Past Perfect Continuous: I had been eating (Yo había estado comiendo)

Reported Speech

Common English Definitions

• Considered to be: Regarded as
• Mess around: Behave in a silly way or waste time
• Blame: Say that a certain thing is responsible for something bad
• Favouring: Giving somebody an advantage
• Get on with: Do without hesitation
• Hurry: Act quickly
• Countless: A great number of
• Chatting: Exchanging comments online
• Partner: A boyfriend or a girlfriend
• Come first: Are the most important things
• Blush: Go red with embarrassment
• Sincere: Honest, meaning what you say
• Cautious: Careful to avoid danger
• Nickname: Informal name used instead of your real name
• Something clicked: We got on well together
• Know someone inside out: Know someone really well
• Fierce: Strong
• Came up against: Encountered
• Opportunity: A chance
• Rare: Not common
• Turned into: Transformed

Italian School Trip Adventure

Day 1: Arrival in Lido di Jesolo (Venice)

The trip was great, but it was pretty brief. The first day we went to Lido di Jesolo, near Venice, staying at Hotel Sofia. The hotel was a little dilapidated but was right in the center of the town. In the afternoon, we spent time on the beach playing and sunbathing. After dinner, we got ready and went for a walk.

Day 2: Venice and New Friends

The next day we traveled to Venice by boat and spent the whole day there. We met two boys, Fabian and Mirco. We arrived back at the hotel for dinner, and that night we went back to Lido. We visited a park and met two very nice Italian boys. We stayed late with them and went to the beach.

Day 3: Disappointment in Florence

The next day we... Continue reading "Italian School Trip Adventure: Venice, Florence, and Rome" »

Early Stages (19th Century - 1930)

Initially, quality was intrinsically linked to the craftsman. During the Industrial Revolution, artisans evaluated their own work. This era marked a shift from manual to mechanized production.

1912: Taylorism

Frederick Wilson Taylor introduced his system of scientific management, aiming for maximum efficiency in machines, tools, and labor. This involved task planning, division, and incentive-based compensation to boost worker engagement. Taylor's system separated planning and execution: workers executed, while management planned, directed, and organized. This optimization of resources reduced costs.

Fordism

Henry Ford's assembly line production system further divided labor, leading to increased specialization and... Continue reading "Evolution of Quality Systems" »

French Revolution and its Impact (1784-1792)

1789. French Revolution

1784-1792. Prevention and neutrality

1793-1795. Basel Peace Treaty

1796-1808. Alliance with France

1796. Treaty of San Ildefonso

1805. Battle of Trafalgar

1807. Treaty of Fontainebleau

War of Independence and Restoration (1808-1820)

1808-1814. War of Independence

1812. Constitution of Cádiz

1813. Treaty of Valençay

1814-1820. Restoration of Absolutism

1815. Porlier and Díaz Pronunciamiento (La Coruña)

1817. General Lacy Pronunciamiento (Catalonia)

1820. Commander Riego Pronunciamiento (Seville)

Liberal Triennium and Absolutist Decade (1820-1833)

1820-1823. Liberal Triennium

1823-1833. Absolutist Decade

Reign of Elizabeth II and Carlist Wars (1833-1868)

1810-1824. Spanish American Independence... Continue reading "Spain 1784-1931: Revolution, Monarchy, and Republic" »

Ocurrencia en Documentos y Consulta

Cálculo de Pesos (Wij = tf * IDF)

Resultados de Similitud

• q: Coche rojo de Blanca
• d1: Marca Citroen color rojo
• d2: Coches rojos, coches blancos, Madrid-ocasión
• d3: Ocasión Madrid, autos rojos de marcas blancas

Resultado Coseno (TF.IDF)

d1: 0,00 | d2: 0,95 | d3: 0,10

Resultado Producto Escalar (TF.IDF)

sim(dj,... Continue reading "Cálculo de Similitud TF-IDF: Documentos y Consultas" »

English Phonetics

Consonants

[t∫] = Change.
| [θ] = Thanks. | [ð] = Mother, Then.
| [∫] = She, Shine. | [dʒ] = George, gym, John. | [ʒ] = Television, pleasure. | [j] = Yes, York, Unit, University.

Past Tense Endings

/id/ if the verb ends in the sound /t/ or /d/: painted, contributed, depended, admitted.

/t/: stopped, crashed, stuffed, looked

/d/: if the verb ends in a vowel: called, bored, begged, alarmed, played, stunned, arrived.

Plural Endings

/iz/ (represented by “-es” in writing): buses /’bʌsiz/, buzzes /bʌziz/, crashes /’kræ∫iz/, languages /’læηgwidʒiz/, catches /’kæt∫iz/.

/s/: stops, books, pits.

/z/: cabs, cards, gags, knives /naivz/, jams, things, plays, ladies /leidiz/.

Other Sounds

/n/ = not, nephew, nun. /ŋ/... Continue reading "English Phonetics and Language Tips" »

Sperm

• Midpiece: This is located between the head and the tail. It contains mitochondria at the base of the flagellum, which provide energy for movement. It also contains centrioles that control the sperm's movement.
• Tail: The flagellum is made of proteins and is the part that moves.

Egg

The egg contains the zona pellucida, vitelline membrane, deutoplasm, nucleus, and corona radiata. It carries 23 chromosomes. It is elongated, visible to the human eye, immobile, and has a reserve of nutrients.

Ovarian Cycle

After puberty, oogenesis takes place in women approximately every 28 days. One egg matures and is released. The ovarian cycle has three phases:

• Follicular Phase

  This phase lasts about 14 days and is caused by the follicle-stimulating hormone produced