Notes, summaries, assignments, exams, and problems for Spanish

When was it?

Where were you?

Who were you with?

What did you wear?

Where did you go?

What did you do?

What was the weather like?

What time did you get home?

Why was it a memorable night?

Christmas Sales Surge in Spain

These are going to be the most prosperous Christmas for the consumer goods sector in Spain since the economic crisis. Sales in food are expected to increase significantly.

Sales Projections and Market Analysis

According to data from the Nielsen consultancy, food sales will grow by around 3%. The Asociación Española de Distribuidores, Autoservicios y Supermercados (Asedas) predicts an even greater increase, between 3% and 5%. These are notable figures, as the consumer goods sector is typically very stable and doesn't often experience such substantial growth.

Nielsen estimates that products worth €11.5 billion will be sold during the Christmas season, representing 20% of the entire year's revenue. Ignacio García... Continue reading "Christmas Sales Surge: Spanish Consumers Embrace E-commerce for Holiday Shopping" »

PASSIVE/CAUSATIVE

He repaired my car: My car was repaired by him/ I had my car repaired by him.

They are going to clean her house: Her house is going to be cleaned.../ She is going to have her house cleaned.

She will cut your hair tomorrow: your hair will be cut.../ you will have your hair cut by…

MODALS

Poder: 1) CAN: puedo/cannot  2) COULD: pude-podria/could not  3)BE ABLE TO: podre venir mañana/ I will be able -- Pudiste haberlo hecho you were able to have told me that.

Possibility/Permission: 1) MAY: puedo/may not  2) MIGHT: podria/ might not.

Deber: 1) MUST: debo/ must not  2) SHOULD=OUGHT TO: deberia/should not=ought not to.  3) HAVE TO: debiste haber estudiado mas/ You had to have studied harder.

Seria mejor que:  1)HAD BETTER/ had... Continue reading "English Grammar and Vocabulary Practice" »

Memory and Learning Terms

• Long-term memory
• Short-term memory
• Process information
• Recycle information
• Effective strategy (estrategia efectiva)
• Short-term deadline (fecha limite)
• Fail an exam/test
• Pass an exam/test

Modal Verbs

• Obligation: must, have to + verb base form
• Recommendation or Advice: should, ought to
• Probability or Possibility: can, may (more formal), might (more informal)
• Ability: can, be able to
• Necessity: need to
• Prohibition: mustn't, can't

Adjectives: -ing vs. -ed

Adjectives ending in -ing describe the situation or thing causing the feeling.

Adjectives ending in -ed describe the feeling itself.

• Stressful (situation) vs. Stressed (feeling)
• Impressive (thing) vs. Impressed (feeling)
• Repulsive (thing) vs. Repulsed (feeling)
• Attractive (thing) vs. Attracted

English Vocabulary and Grammar Essentials

Key Vocabulary for English Learners

Nouns and Their Meanings

• Background: Coneixement
• Blizzard: Tormenta
• Degrees: Graus
• Drought: Sequera
• Flood: Inundació
• Forecast: Pronòstic
• Heatwave: Onada de calor
• Humidity: Humitat
• Lightning: Llamp
• Path: Camí
• Rainfall: Pluja
• Forecaster: Meteoròlegs

Verbs and Their Meanings

• Avoid: Evitar
• Chase: Perseguir
• Gather: Reunir
• Melt: Fondre
• Run (a company): Dividir empresa
• Shiver: Tremolar
• Slip: Lliscar
• Strike: Colpejar
• Sweat: Suar
• Witness: Testimoniar

Adjectives and Their Meanings

• Chilly: Fred
• Deadly: Mortal
• Ordinary: Ordinari
• Overcast: Ennuvolat
• Skilled: Expert
• Slippery: Relliscós
• Soaking wet: Mullat (completament)

Common English Expressions

• Back and forth: Enrere i cap endavant
• Bitter cold: Fred gelat
• Bitter

English Vocabulary for Espionage

• Spy (espía)
• Agent (agente)
• Secret Service (servicio secreto)
• Enemy (enemigo)
• Secret Message (mensaje secreto)
• Invisible Ink (tinta invisible)
• Catch Someone (atrapar a alguien)
• Break a Code (romper un código)
• Password (contraseña)
• Hack (piratear, entrar sin autorización)
• Gadgets (artilugios)
• Conceal (ocultar)
• Reveal (revelar)
• Term (término, palabra)
• Citizen (ciudadano)
• Shave (afeitarse)
• Search (buscar)
• No Matter How (no importa cómo)
• Capture (capturar)
• Ordinary (normal, común)
• Ancient (antiguo)
• Criminal (criminal)
• Yet (sin embargo, aún)
• For (para, por)
• Just (solo, justo)
• Several (varios)
• Never (nunca)
• Since (desde)
• Ever (alguna vez, siempre)
• Wait (esperar)
• See (ver)
• Eat (comer)
• Sell (vender)
• Arrive (llegar)
• Play (jugar, tocar)
• Award (premio,

Let's delve into the concepts of morality and different ethical theories:

• Moral act: An example is paying taxes.
• Immoral act: An example is driving with excessive speed.
• Amoral act: An example is taking a nap.

What is Morality?

Morality concerns how individuals and their actions should be, along with the norms and values that society accepts. These norms and values may form a code of conduct or moral code.

Heteronomy Stage

Children initially act out of impulses or instincts. Soon, they internalize values and norms from family, school, and their own emotional experiences.

Stoicism and Epicureanism

• Stoicism: This philosophy posits that individuals must adapt themselves to the laws of the universe.
• Epicureanism: This philosophy states that the most important

Essential English Basics

Common Questions with 'To Be'

Am Questions

• Where am I?
  ¿Dónde estoy?

• Am I not fired?
  ¿No estoy despedido?

• Am I dancing wrong?
  ¿Estoy bailando mal?

• Am I not going the right way?
  ¿No estoy yendo por el camino correcto?

• What am I doing?
  ¿Qué estoy haciendo?

• What am I going to do?
  ¿Qué voy a hacer?

Are Questions

• Are you a doctor?
  ¿Eres un médico?

• Are you practicing a lot?
  ¿Estás practicando mucho?

• Aren’t we going to the university now?
  ¿No estamos yendo a la universidad ahora?

• Are John and Paul the famous rock singers?
  ¿John y Paul son los famosos cantantes de rock?

• When are you leaving New York?
  ¿Cuándo te vas de Nueva York?

• How are they going to buy that expensive car?
  ¿Cómo van a hacer para comprar ese auto costoso?

Is Questions

• Is

Enhance Your English Writing

PARA REDACCIÓN: To begin with, I would like to say that this is a controversial matter, and it is very difficult to give just one point of view. In fact, if we asked people what they thought about it, we would find a lot of different ideas. On the one hand, we can say that ____ has many advantages, for example: ___. However, on the other hand, we can also find some disadvantages, such as: ___. From my point of view:

IMPORTANTE:

• According to
• Instead (use this in its place)
• However (sin embargo)
• Whereas (mientras que)
• Since/For
• Although (aunque)
• In spite of (a pesar de)
• In fact (de hecho)
• Furthermore (además)

Verbs That Confuse

• Realized: to become aware of something; Noticed: something you see or hear.
• Raise: to lift an object;