Notes, summaries, assignments, exams, and problems for Spanish

Additives and Junk Food

Additives in junk food can have a detrimental effect on both physical and mental well-being. These comida basura often lack essential nutrients, leading to deficits and imbalances that can manifest as various symptoms, including:

• Restlessness (inquietud)
• Mood swings
• Sweaty and panicky episodes

Over-reliance on junk food can contribute to a worsening (decline) in overall health and increase the risk of chronic diseases.

Side Effects and Long-Term Consequences

The harmful (dañino) effects of a poor diet extend beyond immediate discomfort. Over-prescription (exceso de prescripción) of medications and over-reliance (sobre confianza) on quick fixes can mask underlying nutritional deficiencies. This can create a vicious cycle... Continue reading "The Impact of Diet on Behavior and Health" »

Present Simple: I drink

Present Continuous: I'm Drunk

Present Perfect: I have drunk

Present Perfect Continuous: I have been drinking

Past Simple: I drank

Past Continuous: I was drinking

Past Perfect: I had drunk

Past Perfect Continuous: I had been drinking

Future Simple: I will drink

Future Continuous: I will be drinking

Future Perfect Simple: I will have drunk

Future Perfect Continuous: I will have been drinking

Modal Verbs

• Can
• Could
• May
• Might
• Must
• Should
• Will

Relative Pronouns

• Who (person)
• What (thing)
• That (person/thing)
• Whom (person)
• Which (thing)
• Whose (person/thing)

Passive Voice: Object + To be + Past Participle + By + Subject (WAS)

Present Simple

Do/Does-Preguntas vbos normales, ej. I usually get up at 7.00 o’clock, I love fish.->Always, usually, generally, regularly, occasionally, frequently, often, sometimes, rarely, seldom, never. In the morning/afternoon... at 6.30, on Mondays, every week, once a week, how often..?

Present Continuous

Are/Is/Am+ing ej. I am listening to music, This month he is living in Madrid.~>-Now, right now, at the moment, This year, at present, today, these days, this month, This evening, tonight, tomorrow, next. Friday/week/month.

Past Simple

Acciones completadas en el pasado ej. Mary bought a new car last week, We had dinner and watched a film.->-Yesterday, last week/year/month, three days ago, in 1989, in the 1970s, in the 19th century,... Continue reading "English Verb Tenses and Vocabulary" »

Mastering the Verb "To Be"

Present Tense: "To Be"

• Affirmative: he/she/it is, you/we/they are
• Negative: he isn't, I'm not, you aren't
• Interrogative: Is he...?, Are you...?

Past Tense: "To Be"

• he was
• we were

Understanding "Have Got"

Present Tense: "Have Got"

• Affirmative: he has, you have
• Negative: he hasn't got, we haven't got
• Interrogative: Has he got...?, Have you got...?

Comparatives and Superlatives

Comparative Adjectives

• For adjectives with one or two syllables, add -er than.
  • Example: Óscar is stronger than Pepe.
• For adjectives with three or more syllables, use more than.
  • Example: The flower is more beautiful than the plant.

Superlative Adjectives

• For adjectives with one or two syllables, use the -est.
  • Example: the biggest building
• For adjectives with three

1. Phone Call Vocabulary

Common Phrases

• Answer: responder
• Be careful: tener cuidado
• Break up: romper
• Caller: persona que llama
• Extension: extensión
• Get cut off: cortarse la llamada
• Hang up: colgar el teléfono
• Make a mistake: cometer un error
• Professional: profesional
• Put...on hold: poner en espera
• Put...through: pasar la llamada
• Repeat: repetir
• Ring: sonar
• Wrong number: número erróneo

2. Describing People

Personality Traits

• Angry: enfadado
• Friendly: amigable
• Funny: divertido
• Polite: educado
• Rude: maleducado
• Serious: serio

3. More Phone Call Phrases

Common Expressions

• Go out of the office: salir de la oficina
• Out of town: fuera de la ciudad
• Interference: interferencia
• Interrupt: interrumpir
• Leave a message: dejar un mensaje
• Leave a voicemail: dejar un mensaje de voz
• Line

Crime and Punishment

• Crime doesn't pay - El que la hace la paga
• Shape - Forma
• Turn up - Aparecer/aumentar
• Gaze - Mirar
• Raise - Levantar
• Unfolded - Desdoblado
• Barely - Apenas
• Appointment - Cita
• Hand - Dar
• Lost track of - Pista perdida de
• Lean on - Apoyarse
• Scar - Cicatriz
• Steady - Estable
• Reassure - Asegurar
• Brought up - Levantar/mencionar
• Are going on
• Turn in
• Gave away
• Put down
• Back up
• Take out
• Mugger - Agresor
• Con artist - Estafador
• Pickpocket - Carterista
• Shoplifter - Ladrón
• Get caught - Quedar atrapado
• Let off - Dejar ir
• Proof - Prueba
• Safeguard - Salvaguardar
• Fine - Multa
• Gets away with - Salirse con la suya
• Guilty - Culpable
• Trial - Juicio
• Valuables - Objetos de valor
• Ran off with - Escapar
• Breaking into - Entrar ilegal

Money and Finance

• Cost an arm and a leg - Cuesta demasiado
• Well

Modal Verbs in English

1. Expressing Possibility

a) Can

Used to express the ability or possibility of doing something in the present tense.

Examples:

• I can speak English.
• You can smoke here.
• You can come now if you want.

b) May

Used to indicate possibility in the present or future. The situation is more likely to happen than with 'might'.

Examples:

• He may arrive (it's possible he will arrive).
• I may go to the mall (I am considering going to the mall).

c) Might

Used to express prediction or possibility in the present or future, but less certain than 'may'.

Examples:

• In the future, employees might not retire at the age of 65.

2. Expressing Obligation and Advice

a) Should

Used to give advice or make suggestions.

Examples:

• You should visit your friend. He is sick.
• You

To Be

Present Past

I am (yo soy) I was (yo era)

You are (usted está) You were (usted estaba)

He is (él es) He was (él era)

She is (ella es) She was (ella era)

It is (eso es) It was (eso era)

We are (nosotros somos) We were (nosotros éramos)

They are (ellos son) They were (ellos eran)

To be (past) + verb (ing)

• Present Simple

- Affirmative: Personal Pronoun + Verb

Personal Pronoun + Verb + -s (3rd person singular)

- Negative: Personal Pronoun + do/hacer (does/hace) + not + Verb

Am and are = do; is = does

- Interrogative: Do/Does + Personal Pronoun + Verb?

• Past Simple

- Affirmative: Personal Pronoun + Verb (-ed or irregular)

Examples of irregular verbs: blow/blew, forget/forgot, understand/understood, tell/told, run/

Basic English Vocabulary

Days of the Week

• Monday
• Tuesday
• Wednesday
• Thursday
• Friday
• Saturday
• Sunday

Months of the Year

• January
• February
• March
• April
• May
• June
• July
• August
• September
• October
• November
• December

Simple Questions and Answers

1. When is your birthday? - ¿Cuándo es tu cumpleaños?
2. Who is your best friend? - ¿Quién es tu mejor amigo?
3. What is your favorite color? - ¿Cuál es tu color favorito?
4. What is your favorite film? - ¿Cuál es tu película favorita?
5. Who is your favorite singer or actor? - ¿Quién es tu cantante o actor favorito?
6. What is your nickname? - ¿Cuál es tu apodo?
7. Who is Diego Forlán? - ¿Quién es Diego Forlán?
8. How old are you? - ¿Cuántos años tienes?
9. Maria is from Uruguay? - ¿María es de Uruguay?
10. Miranda is not 12? - ¿Miranda no tiene 12

My 21st Birthday Celebration

My 21st birthday party was a great time. I was surrounded by the people that love me, friends and family.

In the morning, I went to the beach with my friends. We played ping pong, card games, listened to music, and had a great time until sunset. We took a lot of photos and selfies. On the way home, we had some milkshakes; mine was Ferrero Rocher, my favourite!

The best time was at night because my family made me a special surprise. They reserved a private lounge in a new karaoke bar for us. We tried different food of all varieties, which was a new experience for me, for example, snails in spicy sauce, pigs' ears, etc. Then we sang a few songs, we danced, had some drinks and great cocktails like Mojitos, my favourite!... Continue reading "Memories of a Special Birthday and Island Getaway" »