Notes, summaries, assignments, exams, and problems for Social sciences

Cooperation and Aggression in Human Nature

Aggression and Violence: Elements inherent to human nature? Thomas Hobbes believed that man is essentially selfish, seeking only his own benefit. According to Hobbes, competition and rivalry are natural among men, while cooperation and solidarity arise later.

Sociological Darwinism

This theory posits that just as individuals and species evolve, so do societies. One of the various mechanisms that promote this progress is the struggle for survival. Thus, conflict is seen as an essential mechanism for human progress.

External Factors Influencing Behavior

This perspective suggests that violence and conflict in social life are not inherent in human nature. Humans are not inherently aggressive and competitive,... Continue reading "Human Nature: Socialization, Cooperation, and Conflict" »

Spanish Orthography Rules

Rules for 'H'

• Words beginning with diphthongs, such as hie, hue, hui, and hiato.
• Forms of verbs whose infinitives begin with 'h', except oler (to smell).
• Words beginning with Greek and Latin compositional elements: hecto-, helio-, hemi-, hemo-, hepta-, hetero-, hyper-, hypo-, homo-.
• Words belonging to the same family as other words beginning with 'h', with exceptions like óseo (from hueso), hueco (from hueco), huérfano and orfandad (from huérfano), and óvalo and ovar (from huevo).

Rules for 'G'

• Verb forms whose infinitives end in -ger, -gir, or -gerar before 'e' or 'i', except tejer (to weave) and crujir (to crunch/gnash).
• All words beginning with geo-.
• All words that end in -logía and -pedagogía.
• All words ending with

Spanish Literature in the 18th Century

The Enlightenment

In the 18th century, European thought underwent a major change, initially in more advanced nations like England and France, and later in other countries. The sense of security that had existed in many aspects of human thought in previous centuries began to disappear.

The bourgeoisie began to dominate as a social class, disputing the political power of the nobility. With the rise of the bourgeoisie came the spread of the Enlightenment. This movement rejected ideological, political, and religious dogma. Opposed to the principle of authority that existed before, it now only supported conclusions reached through free human reason.

By mid-century, the Encyclopedia, led by Diderot and d'Alembert,... Continue reading "Spanish Literature in the 18th Century: Enlightenment to Pre-Romanticism" »

Jean Racine and the Principles of French Classicism

Jean Racine (1639-1699) was a significant dramatic author of the 17th century in France. His works are characterized by:

• Respect for the basic rules of classicism: one conflict, one day, and one place.
• Incorporation of myths from Greek and ancient Roman literature. He always sought inspiration for his plays in the classical world and remained true to the stories of myths.
• Adherence to the principle of decorum, ensuring no socially unacceptable situations are depicted.
• Centrally simple plots, with each based on a single conflict.
• The conflict's axis is passionate love, as love in Racine's works triggers intense passion.
• Facts are reduced to the minimum; for this reason, the conflict is expressed in

1970s Educational Landscape

The 1970s are known for the General Education Act of 1970 and its new teaching guidelines. The ministerial order of 1970 introduced these "New Teaching Guidelines," which echoed international trends. At the classroom practice level, a series of "pedagogical fads" emerged, with four major ideational cores spreading among the most active teaching staff:

• Globalization
• Environmental Research
• The Corporeal in School (Physicality in Education)
• Piagetian Psychology

As the decade progressed, teaching was conceived in two primary ways: traditional teaching and active teaching.

Traditional Teaching

Traditional teaching emphasized discipline and autonomous treatment with a fixed time for each subject area. It relied on textbook material... Continue reading "1970s Teaching: Pedagogical Shifts & Core Dimensions" »

Didactics

Didactics is the layering of teaching that guides students through the knowledge possessed by the teacher. So that art students have more learning, professional resources are used. It is based on psychology, sociology, anthropology, epistemology, and pedagogy.

Contents

• Concept: (definition, facts, data)
• Procedural: (heuristics, discovery)
• Attitudinal: (values, norms, attitudes)

Competence

Competence is the equilibrium achieved by integrating capabilities, skills, and people skills.

Behaviorist Theory

Behaviorist theory emphasizes observation and measurement. Its application is given a stimulus and response elaboration. The child is seen as a machine. In the educational process, the curriculum is closed and compulsory for all.

Objectives

They... Continue reading "Effective Teaching Methods and Educational Theories" »

Understanding History: Concepts and Perspectives

Defining History

History as Event vs. Interpretation

There are two proposals regarding the word 'history': history as an event and history as an interpretation.

History as an event: We refer to this as a historical echo phenomenon, a popular domain.

The only difference in history is the scientists involved in order to validate the above.

History as a Science

History as a science can be defined through humanity over time.

Key Thinkers on History

• For Marc Bloch, history is the science of men in time.
• The central idea of José Cecilio del Valle's concept of history was a course in moral, political, and economic sciences.
• For Miguel, history is the scientific study of societies through time.

The fundamental... Continue reading "Historical Concepts and Ancient Mesoamerican Civilizations" »

Spanish Essay in the Early Twentieth Century

Writers of the Century

The Spanish writers of the century appear immersed in a general crisis, which in Spain coincides with the decline of the political system of restoration, based on the chieftaincy and the alternation of parties. The authors proposed solutions to the problems of Spain related to the search for a national cultural identity in the service of a liberal project. These authors developed an extensive body of literature, in many cases published in the press, which presented their views. These writings will contribute to the modern test setup, in which critical thinking is attached to subjectivity, autobiographical elements. The most prominent essayists:

• Miguel de Unamuno: His essays operate

Key Concepts

• Culture: Information acquired through social learning.
• Human Culture: A set of socially acquired information, transmitted through language.
• Hominization: The process that enabled the human species to evolve from its earliest ancestors to Homo sapiens sapiens.
• Humanization: The process that leads full-bodied hominids with anthropomorphic or human form to become men.

Factors Influencing Human Evolution

• Discovery of fire
• Manufacture of tools
• Agriculture and livestock
• Social organization
• Trade
• War
• History

Labor and Technology

• Labor: A productive activity that is a conscious and intentional manipulation and modification of nature to obtain what is necessary to survive. (Everything we do in exchange for a salary.)

Features of Labor

• Uniquely Human: No

Searle vs. Habermas on Validity Claims

This analysis addresses the conflicting positions of John Searle and Jürgen Habermas concerning validity claims in communication. It outlines a distinction that can potentially resolve their dispute, as discussed.

Searle: Validity as Linguistic & Logical

According to Searle, the intention to communicate is framed within the abstract realm of language. Communication is deemed satisfactory from the moment we remain faithful to meanings determined by language use. Thus, for Searle, the validity of communication and meaning is understood in strictly logical, linguistic, and semantic terms.

Habermas: Validity Grounded in Ethics

Habermas, in contrast, maintains a position where communicative action is based... Continue reading "Searle vs. Habermas: Validity Claims in Communication" »