Notes, summaries, assignments, exams, and problems for Social sciences

Social Classes in the 19th Century

Aristocracy and Wealthy Elites

Circles were common in private clubs and casinos frequented by the richest. Aristocratic salons and balls were prevalent. Clothing was ostentatious, and abundant appearance was cared for to enhance social standing.

Farmworkers: The Peasants

Despite the changes, peasants remained the largest population group in the early 20th century. Their lifestyle was traditional, and their views were conservative. Peasants were hostile to liberalism and socialism initially and did not support the notional cause. In contrast, they demonstrated support for conservatives, order, and religion.

Groups:

• The Wealthy: Liberal measures benefited them, and they became landowners.
• The Landless Laborers: They

The Phenomenon of Bilingualism: Languages in Contact

The coexistence of two languages in the same area may give rise to two linguistic phenomena: bilingualism and diglossia.

Diglossia

Diglossia is a cultural anthropological phenomenon in which a language with more social and political prestige dominates another language with which it coexists. Its uses are unbalanced, and the second language, restricted to family communication and colloquial situations, is in danger of being lost.

Traits that Define Diglossia:

• Function and Prestige: One language holds higher social prestige and is used in formal settings.
• Acquisition: Language A is learned and perfected in school, while language B is primarily acquired at home.
• Literary Legacy: Scholarly literature

Constitution of 1837

Key Features:

• Sovereignty: Shared between the King and the Cortes.
• Division of Powers: The Crown maintained greater powers than in the Constitution of 1812.
• Individual Rights: Recognized individual rights and freedom of the press.
• Bicameral Cortes:
  • Upper House (Senate): Composed of large landowners, half appointed by the monarch and half elected by popular vote based on a census.
  • Lower House (Congress): Composed of members elected by direct vote based on a census.

Constitution of 1845

Key Features:

• Sovereignty: Shared between the King and the Cortes.
• Division of Powers: Strengthened royal authority but with responsibility.
• Recognition of Some Rights: Limited recognition of individual rights.
• Bicameral Cortes:
  • Senate: Composed of an unlimited

Item 1: At birth, cities can concentrate political and economic power, enabling them to impose bans and punish non-compliance. In Greek cities, values of respect for the law and the constitution were paramount. The state maintained a balance of free men before the law, based on free will, not force. The ideal city-states allowed citizens to integrate and feel a sense of community. Life in a defined territory, along with participation, fostered a connection to the community's politics.

The city was a school of citizenship, teaching civilized living. The constitution of Cleisthenes was the fundamental law for male citizens of Athens. All citizens over 20 years old participated in the Assembly. Magistrates had high turnover, ensuring no citizen... Continue reading "City Evolution: From Ancient Greece to Modern Urbanism" »

The Realistic Novel

A realistic novel fulfills a social need, arising as a reaction to the idealistic novel. It portrays the society of the time, reflecting real problems. Its characters are of low social status and it often takes place in cities. It serves as both entertainment and social commentary. The picaresque novel is the most representative example of this genre.

Picaresque Novel

The rogue is a humble character, driven to crime by need and hunger. The picaresque novel is often autobiographical, intends to moralize, and provides a critical view of society.

The Baroque Period

Historical Background

• Political Crisis: The political system was characterized by absolute monarchy, with governments often in the hands of favorites.
• Economic Crisis:

Functions and Objectives of Primary Health Care

Health Promotion

Health promotion is a crucial function, aiming to maintain population health levels. It emphasizes healthy habits as a major element of human well-being. Health education, both individual and collective, is a primary tool for health promotion.

Disease Prevention

Prevention and promotion are complementary. Prevention activities are selectively directed to avoid specific diseases, such as through vaccinations.

Treatment of Health Problems

This function has been traditionally developed by health systems. The modern perspective allows primary health care (PHC) to integrate assistance with preventive and health promotion activities.

Rehabilitation

Rehabilitation should be understood broadly,... Continue reading "Primary Health Care: Functions, EU Rights & Spanish System" »

What is Technology?

Building objects by establishing a consistent process is a form of art.

Technology is the body of knowledge and techniques humans use to create products that meet our needs and improve our living conditions.

Object Analysis

Anatomical and Aesthetic Analysis

This considers the shape, size, color, texture, and components of an object.

Functional Analysis

This studies the object's operation to determine if it fulfills its intended purpose.

Technical Analysis

This involves evaluating the materials and techniques used in the object's construction, including mechanical, electrical, electronic, and chemical aspects.

Economic Analysis

This studies the costs associated with manufacturing and marketing an object, which determine its price.

Ergonomic

The Era of Democracy

Pretended democratic regimes require the effective participation of citizens in politics. This supposes:

• Organizing states according to the principles of voting and respect for freedoms and rights.
• Advocating for access to information and culture.

Between 1870 and 1914, the expansion of democratic regimes took place in Western Europe. Gradually, authoritarian regimes disappeared, and freedoms restricted voting.

Suffrage

The right to vote was extended to a growing number of citizens. In the last third of the 19th century, the vote was censitary and masculine. The female vote was not yet implemented.

Universal male suffrage became a reality in Europe and America, with advances and setbacks.

The Constitution

The constitution is a set... Continue reading "Democracy's Rise in the 19th Century: Suffrage and Rights" »

Linguistic Families and Language Contact

A linguistic family consists of related languages that originate from the same source; i.e., they have emerged from the diversification of a common source language (proto-language or mother tongue).

Language Contact: Pidgins and Creoles

Languages, besides undergoing diversification, are also subject to convergence phenomena where several languages exchange some of their elements. This process intensifies when two or more languages are in contact within the same territory. This contact can lead to the creation of new languages:

• Pidgins (Sabir): These are languages that arise spontaneously between groups with diverse linguistic backgrounds needing to communicate, usually when there is no dominant language

Establishment, Incorporation, and Loss

Changing Lexicon

• Words alter their shape and/or subject.
• New words are created.
• Some words disappear.

Hometown

Estate Glossary

Many words come from Latin. For example, "son" comes from the Latin word filius.

Learned Words

These words come from Latin and have not evolved. For example, fabulare (to speak) and fables are doublets.

Substrate Words

These words come from languages that were spoken in the Iberian Peninsula before Roman colonization. For example, chatarra (scrap) comes from Euskera (Basque).

Loanwords

These words come from people who have lived alongside Castilian speakers (Arabic, etc.) and languages with which Castilian has maintained political and social contact. The lexicon of the language has been adding... Continue reading "Spanish Language Evolution: Lexicon, Morphology, and Semantics" »