Notes, summaries, assignments, exams, and problems for Social sciences

Early 20th Century European Society

Industrial Growth and Social Inequality

The early 20th century in Europe witnessed significant industrial growth, enriching the privileged bourgeois classes but also creating a deep societal divide. The First World War (1914-1918) further exacerbated this crisis of values. The euphoria of economic and technological progress fueled a consumer society, sheltering the new liberal capitalist system. However, this growth also widened the gap between the wealthy bourgeoisie and the exploited working class, leading to the rise of protest movements and ideologies like Anarchism, Socialism, and Communism.

Crisis of Faith and Reason

Key ideologies challenged positivism and rational thought, denouncing the perceived failures... Continue reading "Early 20th Century Europe: Societal Shifts and Ideological Conflicts" »

Agrarian Conditions and Social Tensions

Agricultural laborers often lived in squalid conditions, only able to rent land temporarily for seasonal jobs. They became the main focus of rebellion against landowners.

The Rabassaire Conflict in Catalonia

In Catalonia, specific issues arose concerning properties like Mirjana, the Module system, and leases. A key element was the Contracte de Rabassa Morta (Rabassa Dead Contract), which lasted until two-thirds of the vines (rabassa) had died, typically after about 40 years. This system fueled significant social tensions in the countryside.

Unhappy and without possibilities for change, laborers organized strikes and riots, particularly between 1917 and 1920, encouraged by the Soviet Revolution. However, these... Continue reading "Spain's Second Industrialization and Social Conflict (1900-1929)" »

Marxism

Critique of Capitalism

• The core of the operation lies in the proletarian *surplus value* (plusvalía). This surplus value is the source of capitalist profits.
• Capitalists limit associationism and prevent improvements in working conditions.

Historical Materialism and Class Struggle

• The engine of history is the "struggle of classes" between oppressor and oppressed.
• History is a sequence of "modes of production," characterized by production relations between the owners of the means of production and those who only possess their labor.
• The transition from one system to another occurs when class contradictions destroy a mode of production and replace it with a new one.

The Communist Future

• When the proletariat acquires class consciousness, organized

Is it possible? This title may not be considered anything, but everyone's lips now are able to ask me to write about the text, and that way I will. Lasts! I almost forgot to say the title, *aix*.... Modernizing the Basque language is a question I addressed in this blog, i.e.
Basque is just peanuts for many, but to shit! They do not use anything, no friends, no home... anywhere! This text is aimed at those, there Tori!

Firstly, we need our own motivation to be able to speak Basque. Let's go there to make some changes, such as television. Only two channels are in Basque, and both are relatively boring. Well, yes! Something must have the following *pensatu*: Encouragement, *argitxoa* people between the eyes to light. But how? Is it possible?... Continue reading "Modernizing the Basque Language: A Call to Action" »

Liberalism: Foundations of Freedom

Liberalism is a philosophical system, economic, and political approach that promotes civil liberties and seeks to limit the coercive power of governments over individuals. It opposes any form of despotism and is based on the doctrine of representative government and parliamentary democracy.

Absolutism: Centralized Power

Absolutism is a form of government in which power is vested in a single person, who must be obeyed by all others, without accountability to Parliament or the people.

Democracy: Rule by the People

Democracy is a form of government and state organization in which collective decisions are made by the people through direct or indirect participation mechanisms that confer legitimacy upon their representatives.... Continue reading "Understanding Core Political Systems and Ideologies" »

Modern Literary Visionaries

H.G. Wells: Science, Progress, and Utopia

A new faith was still needed, and H.G. Wells found one in what may be called Liberalism: the belief that humanity's future lies on Earth, not in heaven, and that, with scientific and social progress, an earthly paradise could eventually be built. Wells is one of the great figures of modern literature.

His works, including The Time Machine, The First Men in the Moon, The War of the Worlds, The Invisible Man, When the Sleeper Awakes, and The Food of the Gods, are concerned not merely with telling strange and entertaining stories, but with demonstrating that, through science, everything is theoretically possible.

Wells sometimes described himself as a "utopiographer." He was always... Continue reading "Literary Giants: Wells, Forster, Yeats, and Synge" »

The Philosophy of José Ortega y Gasset

José Ortega y Gasset (1883-1955), a prominent Spanish writer, essayist, and thinker, was born in Madrid. He held a doctorate in philosophy and served as a lecturer in metaphysics. His understanding of the history of philosophy emphasized a profound dialogue with classical Greek thought, alongside a critical engagement with contemporary German philosophy.

His extensive work is typically divided into three distinct periods:

• The Objectivist Period: Characterized by his time in Germany, focusing on objective reality.
• The Perspectivist Period: Where he posited that human beings apprehend the world from a specific, unique perspective, revealing a variety of facets.
• The Ratio-Vitalist Period: His most mature phase,

Single Electoral Divisions

Electoral systems often feature divisions within their territorial scope, where all votes are aggregated to implement the chosen electoral formula. This constituency structure is found in elections to the European Parliament, and also in local elections where each municipality serves as a constituency.

These constituencies may have different magnitudes. Districts with a minimum magnitude, often a single seat, are called single-member constituencies. When they are assigned more than one seat, they become multi-member constituencies. Multi-member constituencies can be categorized by the number of seats:

• Low-magnitude: 2 to 6 seats
• Average-size: 7 to 14 seats
• High-magnitude: Over 15 seats

Multiple Electoral Divisions

In systems... Continue reading "Electoral Systems: Divisions, Constituencies, and Gerrymandering" »

Linguistic Concepts

Vocabulary

B: finish, arrive, mist, bain, Baron, bandage, wart, beam, bald, perky, mobile, sap, download, pop, roll around, find work, debanar Basque, Vizcaya.

A: ring, tram, triumvir, seized, fir, grandfather anymore, abortion, change, rattlesnake, horse riding, coward, envestir, slender, fend, burning, lip, broad bean, outdoors, sports, test, rappel, radishes, sage, wine, Travis clover, buckle, Cordoba, La Habana, Stephen.

E: apricot, amethyst, assembly, Cinnamon, disguise, Carpenter, efeminat, asparagus, marigold, monastery, rock, Sergeant, hustle, Empúries on shaving ambassador, boot, murderer, evaluate, fault, bathrobes, down, front, birth, Pescadero, cattle, bitter brush.

Spelling Rules

• Beginning word S, V + C, + V, end.

Ethics

A set of moral norms governing the conduct of a person in any area of life.

Moral

A code of behavior that human societies are endowed with, defining what is right and wrong.

Moral Law

The laws established by each society, affecting the entire nation.

Religious Morality

It depends on each person's religion.

Social Morality

Rules society imposes in areas that are neither legal nor religious.

Family Morality

For example, rules parents impose.

Personal Morality (Children)

For example, whether a child allows themselves to be bothered or not in class.

Counselor

Equivalent to a minister, but specific to each Autonomous Community.

Historical Note: French Revolution and Women's Rights

During the French Revolution (1789), under Louis XVI, a declaration of women'... Continue reading "Civic and Ethical Foundations: Key Concepts Defined" »