Notes, summaries, assignments, exams, and problems for Social sciences

Karl Marx (1820-1883): Historical, Philosophical, and Cultural Context

19th Century Context

Economic Context

Karl Marx's work developed during the 19th century, a period marked by the Industrial Revolution. The steam engine propelled advancements in railways, steel production, and steamships, leading to large-scale industrial production. Marx believed that these evolving productive forces drive changes in production relations when conflicts arise. The bourgeoisie, promoters of the industrial revolution, clashed with the proletariat, who suffered the alienating effects of industrialization. These effects included excessive working hours, subhuman labor conditions for women and children, dismissals without retirement, meager wages, lack of insurance... Continue reading "Karl Marx: Philosophy, Economics and Influence" »

South African Terminology

Acacia: A small tree with white or yellow flowers.

Acting: Temporarily doing the job of another person.

Afrikaans: A South African language developed from the 17th century.

Afrikaner: A South African descended from the Dutch who speaks Afrikaans.

Amen: A word used to show sincere approval of something that has just been said (used, for example, at the end of a prayer).

Authority: The power to give orders to other people and make them obey.

Ban (v): To forbid someone by law from doing or saying something.

Banning area: The area where, by law, a banned person must stay.

Bantu: A word used by white South Africans for black people.

Black Consciousness: A South African organization, led by Stephen Biko, which believed that black... Continue reading "South African Terminology: Definitions and Meanings" »

Duties of Teachers

• Diagnosis of Needs: Understanding students' individual needs and learning styles.
• Class Preparation: Organizing and managing learning situations, preparing materials for students.
• Motivation: Inspiring and engaging students in the learning process.
• Student-Centered Teaching: Focusing on the needs and progress of individual students.
• Diversity and Inclusion: Considering the diverse backgrounds and learning styles of all students.
• Classroom Management: Suggesting learning activities, guiding their implementation, presenting content with a global and interdisciplinary perspective, and maintaining discipline and order in class.
• Evaluation: Assessing student performance and providing feedback.
• Mentoring and Role Modeling: Serving as a

Key Theories in International Relations

Theories: The discipline of international relations began shortly before World War I in Western Europe and the U.S. There are two primary ways to conceptualize the war: diplomacy, favored by those seeking peace, and force, the basis of foreign policy at the time. This period saw a clash between idealism and realism. All the great powers were involved, and the increased presence of the media amplified public opinion.

Politically, an idealistic proposition known as the League of Nations emerged. This organization proposed a global alliance of countries to prevent future wars.

Current Theoretical Perspectives

• Realism (State-Centric) - Thomas Hobbes: A key figure in establishing the concept of order. Hobbes's

The Amejoramiento of Navarra (1982)

Source and Nature

Source: Primary; Nature: Political-legal; Status: Public.

The Amejoramiento (Improvement) is the final text approved by the Spanish government, the Courts of Spain, and the Council and Parliament of Navarra. It was enacted in August 1982, during the period when Spain was establishing different statutes of autonomy stemming from the 1978 Constitution. This Act contains a series of articles defining Navarra's status and powers.

• Article 1 defines Navarra.
• Article 3 sets out the objectives.
• Article 6 states that the rights and duties of Navarre are equivalent to those of the rest of Spain.
• Article 9 addresses the official languages.
• Article 10 names the provincial institutions.
• Article 11 addresses

Item 8: Written Communication DCA II. Expression Reader

What is Writing?

Writing is the ability to consistently communicate in written form, producing texts of considerable length on topics of general culture. It involves expressing thoughts on a blank sheet without typos, quickly, and without extensive revisions.

What Must We Teach Students to Learn to Write? What Must They Master?

What reasoning must be employed in school for students to learn and master written language?

The list of microskills necessary for writing is extensive and covers many issues. These range from the mechanical and motor aspects of letter strokes, calligraphy, and presentation to the more reflective processes of selecting and managing information.

It should also include... Continue reading "Effective Written Communication: Mastering the Art of Writing" »

Scientific and Technical Texts

Scientific Texts: Refer to general and abstract knowledge about a subject.

Technical Texts: Refer to applications of knowledge.

Characteristics

• Specialized topics
• Specific purposes (or communicative intention)
• High degree of formality
• Written channel
• Academic field of use and dissemination of publications
• Specific language

The Language of Scientific and Technical Texts

Pursuit of objectivity, cool and impersonal language: enunciative sentences, rejection of stylistic ornamentation, present tense, passive voice.

Precise and clear vocabulary: using univocal terms, rejection of ambiguity (symbols), words of Greek or Latin origin.

Lexicon of Scientific and Technical Training

Regular language mechanisms:

• Derivation: power of language
• Composition:

The Rise of Regional Nationalisms in Spain

Catalan Political Nationalism

Catalan political nationalism emerged during a six-year period, advocating for democratic federalism and an integrated Catalonia within a Spanish federal state. The Catalan union sought to unify various trends around the nationalist bourgeoisie. This movement was notably illustrated and promoted by the conservative Manresa Bases of 1892, a foundational document that outlined the first program explicitly including a conservative Catalan statute. However, it wasn't until 1901 that Catalonia's first political party, the Regionalist League, was formed.

Basque Political Nationalism

Basque political nationalism defended lost historical rights and vehemently rejected the industrialization... Continue reading "Spain's Regional Nationalisms: Catalan and Basque Origins" »

Women and Curriculum: Advancing Equality

The newly achieved equality of rights between men and women, which allows us to define ourselves as citizens today, represents a significant step in overcoming major obstacles faced by women's movements in their origins. The educational context and curriculum content are the primary areas where our efforts must be focused. These elements are crucial because they shape egalitarian relationships, promote the comprehensive development of students, and challenge discriminatory visions and identities against women that persist.

Integrating Women in the Curriculum

The intention is to advocate for a co-educational practice founded on equal education. Curriculum design must reflect the need to educate students... Continue reading "Empowering Women: Curriculum for Gender Equality" »

The Predominance of Social Rights

There is a predominance of social rights when contrasted with the broader category of economic, social, and cultural rights (ESCR).

Defining Social Rights

Social rights are generally understood to include the following categories:

1. Property Holder (Workers): Rights inherent to workers in their social class dimension.
2. Property Holder (Workers) - Group Rights: Rights of those groups (workers, families, children) that express the idea that man is the subject of law not only as an individual but also as a member of a social group.
3. Economic Freedoms: Freedoms that possess economic content.
4. Credit Rights: Rights that materialize as positive benefits provided by the state towards individuals or groups, designed to effectively