Notes, summaries, assignments, exams, and problems for Social sciences

Historical Context of Hume's Era

In the political landscape of Europe, the 18th century witnessed the emergence of enlightened monarchs. This period extended from the revolutions in the Netherlands, through the English Civil War, up to the French Revolution. This latter event established a new state, reflecting the bourgeoisie's economic power, which had grown strong enough to claim political and economic hegemony. This profound historical shift stemmed from the various discoveries of the Renaissance and, especially, the Scientific Revolution.

Sociocultural Context of Hume's Life

The sociocultural context of David Hume's life unfolded during the 18th century, a period known as the Enlightenment. This era was characterized by a tremendous process... Continue reading "David Hume's Philosophy: Historical, Sociocultural, and Philosophical Contexts" »

Advantages and Disadvantages of Technology and Computing

The Impact of Technology and the Internet

The development of technology and communications, especially during the last decade of the 20th century, has profoundly influenced our lives. It has revolutionized the way we work, learn, and communicate. The internet, in particular, has been a major catalyst for change.

Advantages of Computing

One of the main advantages of computing is the quick and easy access to information it provides. It also helps us perform tasks more efficiently. Moreover, technology can improve the lives of those with limited access to education and opportunities, contributing to the development of underserved or isolated regions worldwide.

Disadvantages of Computing

However,... Continue reading "Advantages and Disadvantages of Technology and Computing in the 21st Century" »

1.1 Geopolitical Orders

The global political system is the result of a series of historical processes that have shaped geopolitical orders worldwide. In each of these orders, the distribution of power and influence among major powers is crucial, as these powers impose their ideas and concepts on other countries.

World War I and Its Aftermath

The First World War, lasting from 1914 to 1918, significantly impacted the global landscape. The Treaty of Versailles, signed in 1919, officially ended the war and transformed the political map of Europe. The interwar period was marked by the economic crisis of 1929, which led to a decline in international trade. In 1939, another global conflict began, with even greater destructive capacity due to new weapons,... Continue reading "Geopolitical Orders and Global Power Dynamics" »

UNIT 8: Text: Adequacy, Coherence, and Cohesion.

1. Text and Sentence:

"Statement: This is the minimum unit of communication, the minimum message. Features:

• Goes between long pauses (points).
• It has a single pitch.
• Is the full meaning unit.

There are 2 types: phrases (no verb) and sentences (verb conjugated).

-Text: A coherent set of statements.

Features:

• Is the maximum communication unit.
• It is composed of statements.
• Must be adequate.
• Must be consistent and well-knit.

Types of Text:

1. Narrative: feature story.
2. Description: discover something or someone.
3. Exhibition: tell us something.
4. Argumentative: try to convince.
5. Dialogue: maintained between 2 or more partners.

2. The Adequacy of the Text:

The adequacy of the text is the property that meets or does not violate... Continue reading "Understanding Text Adequacy, Coherence, and Cohesion" »

Semantic Relationships

Semantic relationships are relationships that develop between the words, given the signifier and signified.

Synonymy

Synonymy occurs if two or more signifiers correspond to the same meaning.

• Total synonymy: Occurs when two or more words are interchangeable in all contexts.
• Partial synonymy: When two or more terms have the same meaning, but there are nuances among them.

Antonymy

Antonymy is the oppositional relationship of meaning between two or more terms. There are three types:

• Gradual words: There is a word in between (e.g., expensive-cheap, affordable exists).
• Complementary words: The meaning of one term excludes the meaning of another (e.g., approved-failed).
• Reciprocal words: The meaning of one term implies the existence of

Development of Social and Labor Policies

Introduction: This document analyzes the political and institutional issues affecting the development of social and labor policies (SLP). The development of SLP follows the same process as any other economic policy. In this process, the State, as a political decision-maker (policy-maker), must continually set priorities and choose between different, often conflicting, alternatives. Throughout the process of economic and social action, many actors are concerned with or affected by these policies. This process may vary with the ideology or the type of government. However, whatever the form of government and decision-making mechanism, policy-making always has a few stages and some key actors.

Overview of

**T8 Group: Defining Characteristics**

Identity, interdependence, interaction (structure), and common objectives.

**Other Characteristics**

• Climate
• Cohesion
• Communication
• Standards
• Values

**Structure**

Set in roles, status (derived from specific features and diffuse), and communication networks (set of rules that establish whether and how the exchange of information occurs).

**Working Groups and Group Performance**

**Factors Influencing Group Performance**

**Type of Task (Steiner)**

**Criteria**

• Divisible or unitary
• Optimizing or maximizing individual and group contributions

**Types**

• Additive: Sum of individual contributions
• Compensatory: Average of individual contributions
• Disjunctive: Product of each individual's contribution
• Joint Discretionary: The group

Historical Context of the 17th Century

Following the Renaissance (15th and 16th centuries), the 17th century witnessed the emergence of the modern world across all levels of society. This period was marked by significant transformations in several key areas:

Economic Developments

There was substantial growth in trade and manufacturing. Early productive capital began to shift, gradually transforming feudal serfs into wage laborers, moving away from the guild system.

Political Landscape

Absolutist states, the first form of the modern state, dominated Europe, displacing feudal fiefs. Nobles were subjected to the absolute monarch (the sovereign), who, in turn, depended on lenders to finance the considerable costs of the centralized state. This included... Continue reading "17th-Century Transformation: Society, Science, Ideology" »

Key Historical Terms

Definitions: T7

• Music Economics: The Carlists pay a certain amount that would be collected by the provincial councils.
• Zanjón Peace: Spain promised Cuba a broad amnesty, the abolition of slavery, and political and administrative reforms.
• Electoral Fraud: Cheating coalitions, manipulations, and falsifications of the electoral census records.
• Peace of Paris: Spain ceded Cuba, and Jalal sold in Germany to the U.S. and the Pacific Marianas and the Carolines.
• Closure Cases: Boycott of the taxes imposed by Villaverde.

T8

• Federal Tortosa Pact: The federal Crown of Aragon wanted a federal state.
• Greuges Memorial: Unit of Catalan political manifesto.

T9

• Liga Agraria: Cerealistics Owners Association to act as a pressure group to achieve a

Newspapers: A Key Source of Information

A newspaper is a form of print media that informs the public about current events.

Features of a Newspaper

Newspapers are typically divided into sections. These sections include sports, entertainment, economy, opinion, and general information. The most important events are usually placed on the front page.

Newspaper Organization

Newspapers are generally organized with the front and back pages followed by national and international news.

Articles: Grammatical Components

An article is a type of word that precedes a noun, indicating whether it is specific or non-specific. Articles also denote the gender and number of the noun.

Article Classification

• Definite Articles: Used when the noun is known or specific.
• Neutral