Notes, summaries, assignments, exams, and problems for Social sciences

Capitalism, Politics, and Social Change

The core of capitalist leadership, including the U.S., Europe, and Japan, extended to Latin America, Africa, and Oceania at the political level. Democratic systems were implanted in most countries, based on the recognition of individual freedoms, the division of power, and political pluralism.

Economically, a capitalist economy based on private property and free markets prevailed. Differences existed in the degree of intervention, favoring societies based on class and wealth.

Political Situation

Governments in Western countries leaned towards the center-right (liberal and Christian democratic) and center-left (social democratic).

Years of Growth

A period of elevated growth was based on:

• Advance advisory and

Legislative Elections of February 1936

This document, extracted from a history book, reflects the results of the legislative elections held on February 16, 1936. It details the outcomes in the four Catalan provinces and Barcelona city. The two main contesting forces were the Left Front and the Catalan Front (Dorda).

The elections of February 16, 1936, were the last legislative elections to occur during the Spanish Second Republic before the outbreak of the Civil War. The political scene was sharply divided into two major, strongly opposed groups. These elections were highly significant as they followed the events of October 1934. Victory was proclaimed by the Popular Front, an alliance formed by all left-wing parties.

In these elections, the Popular... Continue reading "Key Moments of the Spanish Second Republic: Elections and Proclamation" »

LOGSE vs. LOE: Primary Education Curricula

This document compares the curricula for Primary Education under the LOGSE (Organic Law of the General Organization of the Educational System) and the LOE (Organic Law of Education) in Spain.

Curriculum Comparison

School Autonomy and Accountability

The autonomy of schools thus necessitates a commitment to **accountability** to the internal organs of the center, educational administration, and society itself. For centers, the acceptance of autonomy is a challenge, introducing an instrument that gives them more corporate responsibility towards the ultimate goal of trying to improve school performance.

Autonomy as a Challenge and Opportunity

They could establish their own organizational model that best fits their educational project and the peculiarities of their pupils.

Defining School Autonomy

The autonomy of institutions should be understood as the ability to decide freely, administer, and manage their programs and resources, or the possibility to act with... Continue reading "School Autonomy: Meaning, Challenges, and Benefits" »

EU Regional Policy and Its Objectives

The European Regional Policy has two main objectives: addressing regional imbalances and promoting development. A previous regional policy implemented in 1986 was deemed ineffective. Its purpose is to increase territorial cohesion (solidarity). This is based on three principles:

• Solidarity among regions.
• Development of autonomy status.
• Further integration into the European Community.

The consequences of integration include the receipt of funds, which are integrated into the EU's regional policy. A new EU regional and cohesion policy was introduced for 2007-2013 (focused on competitiveness) with three objectives for sustainable development:

• Strengthening competitiveness.
• Boosting the economy (R&D).
• Improving

The Industrial Revolution: A New Era of Production

First Industrial Revolution (c. 1760-1840)

Key Innovations and Drivers:

• The Machine Age: The invention of new machinery marked a significant shift.
• Demographic Changes: Population growth and mortality rates influenced societal structures.
• Resource Availability: Abundant raw materials like coal and cotton were crucial.
• Improved Communication: A good network of communication facilitated trade and the spread of ideas.
• Entrepreneurial Spirit: A wealthy bourgeoisie was ready to invest capital.

Energy Sources and Industries:

• Steam Power: The steam engine, developed around 1782, revolutionized industry.
• Coal: Coal was the primary energy source for steam engines.
• Key Industries: Textiles and metallurgy were early

Underlying Principles of Scientific Inquiry

Key Considerations:

• Truths lacking universal validity should be subject to trial and error, enriching the information available for the object of study. The predictive capacity and error margins in social sciences may differ from other disciplines, but this doesn't negate their scientific nature.
• Science, as a human and social product, must be analyzed within its historical context. Scientific objectivity arises from mutual criticism and rigorous scrutiny within the scientific community, characterized by public and intersubjective discourse.
• Scientific theories are human constructs that facilitate understanding relationships between phenomena, enabling intervention and utilization.

Therefore, research... Continue reading "Research Methods and Techniques in Social Sciences" »

Languages in Contact: Bilingualism and Diglossia

The Sociolinguistic Situation of Asturias

Currently, there are approximately five thousand languages in the world, grouped into language families based on historical relationships. Most European languages are derived from a now-extinct language, Indo-European.

Political and linguistic boundaries do not always align. Sometimes, a single state has several languages, as in Spain. Conversely, different states may use the same language, such as Great Britain and America, or Spain and South American countries. Language contact situations are very common, where people develop the ability to communicate in two or more languages (bilingualism) for various reasons.

The nature of language coexistence, the communicative... Continue reading "Bilingualism, Diglossia, and Sociolinguistics in Asturias" »

Semantic changes are produced using a process where several stages are distinguished: innovation, spread, generalization, and consolidation. As a part of this process, there are specific procedures or mechanisms that lead to changes in the meaning of words:

1. Significant Extent

A term acquires a more general meaning. It is also a significant expansion in the use of nouns as names referring to a singular class of people (a womanizer). For this procedure, common nouns have been created (matchmaker).

2. Significant Restrictions

A common language word acquires a new meaning, more specifically, to pass as a specific term used in a group. It is also common in scientific and technical language that relies on words commonly used to form jargon (acid).... Continue reading "Semantic Changes: Mechanisms and Processes" »

Understanding the L-1 Status

The institutions created to organize the life and activities of people living within the same territory are governed by certain laws:

Key Elements of a State

• Territory: Well-defined borders distinguish it from other states.
• Population: People living within the state's territory are subject to its power and laws, with corresponding rights and obligations.
• Power: The state performs several crucial functions:

Functions of the State

• Sets the laws governing social relations. In democratic countries, these laws are made in Parliament.
• Enforces laws through the judiciary.
• Maintains order within its territory and ensures external security.
• Holds exclusive competence in foreign policy (relations with other states).
• Collects taxes,