Notes, summaries, assignments, exams, and problems for Social sciences

The construction of the other. Who is the other? is the subject of analysis of anthropology, the native. The other we have learned does not exist objectively, detached from the values, objectives, intentions of the observer. We have argued that values (ways in which people understand the world around them) are socially constructed (they are products of specific cultures, times and places). The idea of progress, is a typical Western Europeans already present in the classical world of Rome and Athens but refined during Renaissance and culminating with the Industrial Revolution and its underlining geopolitical structure- central state and colonialism/imperialism. Such a cultural primacy was originally justified by theories (ways to understand... Continue reading "The Construction of the Other: A Postcolonial Critique" »

Globalism

Globalism is a philosophy that views the world as a single, interconnected community. It advocates for political and economic unification on a global scale.

United Nations (UN)

The United Nations is a prominent global organization dedicated to promoting world peace and economic prosperity.

General Assembly

The General Assembly is a principal organ of the UN where representatives from member countries discuss international issues and make recommendations for action. It cannot enact laws but determines the UN's budget.

Security Council

The Security Council is responsible for maintaining international peace and security. It has five permanent members (China, France, Russia, the United Kingdom, and the United States) and ten elected members.... Continue reading "Global Governance: Key Institutions and Agreements" »

Explain the universalistic and contingency approaches to human resource strategy, including key characteristics of the commitment strategy.

Researchers have taken two basic approaches in investigating human resource patterns:

The Responsibility to Protect (R2P) Principle

The Responsibility to Protect (R2P) principle was adopted by the UN General Assembly at the 2005 World Summit. R2P is considered a soft norm, meaning it has no strict legal dimensions, but it applies specifically to four mass atrocity crimes:

• Genocide
• War crimes
• Crimes against humanity
• Ethnic cleansing

Meaning and Core Obligations of R2P

R2P entails that the primary responsibility lies with the State to protect its own population from these four crimes. If a State manifestly fails to protect its citizens, the international community is then obligated to step in.

When the international community intervenes, it has three specific responsibilities (often referred to as the three phases of intervention):

1. To

Far-Right Politics in Hungary and Slovakia

What and why, focusing on the Hungarian case and a piece about Slovakia.

Similarities Between the Movements

• 1. Parliamentary Influence: Both far-right parties started to gain influence by gaining small percentages of seats in the parliament.
  • a. Slovakia: Current situation.
  • b. Hungary: Started with 2% in 2006, reached 20% in 2014.
• 2. Rejecting Refugees:
  • a. Both are external EU borders; many refugees to Europe pass through Slovakia and Hungary.
  • b. Spread of Islamophobia.
  • c. The Slovak PM said Muslims cannot be incorporated into Europe.

Note: All European far-right parties are anti-immigration.

Differences in Political Strategy

• 1. Hungary is further along: Anti-Semitic rhetoric and seeking to eliminate the Central

Features of Non-Formal Education

• Centralization of the process on the student, based on their needs and possibilities.
• Immediate usefulness of education for personal and professional growth.
• Flexibility in procedures, objectives, and content.
• Quick reaction to changes affecting student and community needs.

School Autonomy Scenarios

School autonomy is granted under different scenarios:

1. General regulations covering a wide range of aspects of the school system.
2. Specific legislation designed for school autonomy.
3. Flexible administrative regulations issued by executive bodies.

Types of School Autonomy

• Full autonomy: Decisions within the law, without external intervention.
• Limited autonomy: Decisions within predetermined options or with higher authority approval.

The Spanish War of Independence

The Spanish War of Independence began on 2 May 1808 when the people of Madrid rose up against the French occupation. During this war, two important processes took place simultaneously: the war itself and a political revolution.

The War

At first, the Spanish forces won some victories, such as the Battle of Bailén, but soon the French occupation was almost complete. Some areas, such as Zaragoza and Girona, resisted for a time but were finally conquered. Cádiz was the only city that did not fall.

The French were finally defeated in 1813, thanks to support from British forces and to groups of Spanish citizens who carried out guerrilla attacks on the French forces.

The Political Revolution

During the war, two separate... Continue reading "Spanish War of Independence: Conflict and Revolution" »

EU Motto: Meaning and Origin

The motto of the European Union is "United in diversity". This signifies the union of countries with different characteristics, united for a common purpose.

The Eurozone Explained

The Eurozone comprises all the European Union countries that use the Euro (€) as their official currency.

EU Decision-Making Process

• Citizens, interest groups, experts: Discuss and consult.
• European Commission: Makes formal proposals.
• European Parliament & Council of the EU: Decide together.
• National or local authorities: Implement decisions.
• European Commission & Court of Justice: Monitor implementation.

Challenges Facing the European Union

Enlargement Criteria

Countries wishing to join the EU must meet certain criteria:

• Incorporate and

Challenging Norms: Black Women and Divinity

“We are all created in God’s image.” This religious illustration challenges the traditional idea of a white, omnipotent God, instead demonstrating the humanity and majesty of Black women.

Although this image might be striking from a religious perspective, the words of W.E.B. Du Bois in his article regarding the Criteria of Negro Art should be considered: beauty has no universal rules. Similar to women, African Americans have fought for equality for decades. This artwork depicts the polar opposite of the traditionally transmitted image—replacing a white man with a Black woman. Here, a Black woman serves as humanity's cornerstone, presented as a rebellious and revolutionary work of art.

Through... Continue reading "Black Representation, Feminist Criticism, and Authorial Intent" »

After 5 years studying International business and with an emphasis on Finance, I would like to expand my knowledge in this field by applying to the MBA in Finance & Businesses program at Wharton University of Pennsylvania. During my years of study in Universidad del Norte, finance was my field of interest, I took every course of finances with the best attitude because I believe that is the most important factor in a company. Finance became a field of interest because of my high school years, I always wanted to know what happens with the money inside a business. I studied at Liceo de Cervantes school in Barranquilla and that was the beginning of the affection I have for it. I participated in entrepreneurship contests for acquiring more knowledge... Continue reading "Pursuing an MBA in Finance & Business at Wharton University" »