Notes, summaries, assignments, exams, and problems for Social sciences

The Rise and Development of the Labor Movement

The labor movement refers to the collective actions carried out by workers to improve their economic and political situation. In the beginning, the labor movement often promoted violence against employers and the destruction of machinery, which workers blamed for the loss of jobs and low wages.

In later dates, workers' unions or associations were created. Their primary objectives were the improvement of working conditions and wages.

Key Ideologies and Movements

Luddism

This movement rejected protest through the destruction of industrial machines, viewing technology as the cause of unemployment and poor conditions.

Socialism

Socialism was formulated primarily by Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels. Its aim... Continue reading "The Labor Movement: Ideologies, the First International, and Global Industrial Shifts" »

Treasures of the Earth

1. This text talks about an exhibition where you can see a model house in which you can locate materials. There is also an animated film where you can see the different geological periods. You can also see different minerals. You can also experience earthquakes and learn the history of the planet in a video.
2. Keywords: Exhibition, tools, lent, fractures.
3. • a) Samples from the collection are used to study the minerals.
   • b) "You ought to see the beautiful animated [film]," they said to us.
   • c) The exhibition contains a model house.
   • d) You can see a large model of a modern gold mine.
4. • a) This text comes from a leaflet about the exhibition. It was written by the person who organized the exhibition to tell people what the exhibition is about.

... Continue reading "Earth's Treasures, Probiotics, Humor, and Ice Skating" »

19th Century Spanish Society: Class Structure and Conflict

The Dominant Bloc: Aristocracy and High Bourgeoisie

The progressive economic identification between the two groups completed the merger process between the families of the dominant bloc. This identification was based on shared interests, including:

• Ownership and wealth
• Links to liberal governments
• Intermarriage
• Titles of nobility

This integration between "aristocrats and princes of money" was also an ideological approach based on the values of progress, individual freedom, moral order, and a strict Catholic Puritanism.

The Middle Class (Petty Bourgeoisie)

The middle class consisted mainly of the petty bourgeoisie, who were owners of family businesses, including:

• Shopkeepers and small traders

... Continue reading "Social Stratification and Conflict in 19th Century Spain" »

Key Elements of Effective Research

What Elements Define the Research Problem?

The core elements include:

• Pursuing well-defined research objectives
• Formulating clear research questions
• Establishing a strong rationale for the investigation
• Conducting a feasibility study
• Identifying and assessing gaps in the existing knowledge base

What Constitutes a Proper Literature Review?

A proper literature review involves a thorough selection and integration of references into the theoretical framework. To ensure its quality, consider these questions:

• Was a database query (manual or computer-based) performed, considering sources from at least the past 5 years?
• Were internet search engines and directories consulted?
• Were at least 4 relevant scientific journals consulted,

... Continue reading "Key Elements of Effective Research: Objectives, Literature, and Sources" »

The communicative situation is the set of circumstances in which communication takes place. These elements are:

• Personality of transmitter and receiver
• Degree of formality
• Topic of communication
• Intentionality
• Interaction type
• Scope of social interaction

Language Registers

It is the individual use of language. It reflects the ability of people to adapt their language style based on their proficiency: the higher the degree and level of language, the easier it will be to change their style. There are two types of registers:

1. Formal register: Used in specialized fields and employs standard usage. The formal register is the standard register.
2. Informal register: Used in family and friendship settings. The most significant is the colloquial register.

The Colloquial

... Continue reading "Language Registers and Communicative Situations" »

Question 1

Teachers should not replace "old technologies" with "new technology"; they should, first of all, ensure a good fit. That is, use each technology for what it is best suited, and therefore superior to the other. New technologies, when associated with good pedagogical teaching, learning, and assessment, are of great importance from the moment they are seen as educational tools that can facilitate learning and become mediators for students to construct their own knowledge. In this process, the student takes on an active role rather than a passive one, addressing their needs so they can become critical and reflective citizens in the context of current education. Given this reality, the idea that individuals must "be able to accomplish... Continue reading "Technology, Taxes, and Globalization: Key Issues" »

Historical Materialism

Historical materialism is a theory about society which posits that the basis of all social order lies in production. Humans differ from animals when they begin to produce their means of subsistence, thereby indirectly producing their material life. To achieve this, humans must work, with work being the cause of production. This work has always been social and collective, thus creating a series of links and relationships between all agents of production, known as social relations.

Production Factors

Production is the activity that creates material assets and is conditioned by the nature of the objects being processed. This production involves two key elements: the work process and the relations of production. These two elements... Continue reading "Historical Materialism: Production as Society's Basis" »

6) State Structure and the "First Device"

The Spanish Constitution (EC) in its Article 2 does not establish a definitive model of the state structure but is limited to establishing basic elements, allowing great flexibility in shaping the state model that has been shaped through the adoption of different Statutes of Autonomy.

The lack of definition of a closed state model shows that the EC does not determine whether the state should be formed by regions, how many, or which ones, nor what territory. Article 152 simply outlines its internal organization.

The constitutional uncertainty on these issues and the ability of the constituted territories to form new regional governments, while respecting constitutional limits, is what is called the "first... Continue reading "Spanish Constitution and Autonomous Regions" »

Introductory Elements

• The state is the political organization of society. Power, the center of politics, is a key element of the state. The existence of power relations doesn't inherently define power itself.
• The state's core components are power, territory, and citizens.

Power

Power, in its exercise, is often wielded based on personal interests and convictions, leading to confusion between individuals and institutions. It's an individual's capacity to act or refrain from acting. Absolute power occurs when an individual's will is enforced without opposition.

"Power is the ability to exercise one's will, supported by resources, resulting in its enforceability." State power involves imposition and institutionalized force, implying coercion and a deliberate... Continue reading "Understanding the State: Power, Territory, and People" »

PSOE (Spanish Socialist Workers' Party)

Founded by Pablo Iglesias in Madrid on May 2, 1879. Since its inception, the party aimed to unite the Spanish industrial proletariat under Marxist ideology, later evolving towards a social democratic orientation.

UGT (General Workers' Union)

Founded by Pablo Iglesias in Barcelona on August 12, 1888. This Spanish labor union also evolved from a Marxist to a social democratic orientation, similar to the PSOE.

Antonio Maura (1853-1925)

A prominent Spanish politician and lawyer, he served five times as President of the Council of Ministers of Spain and head of government. During his tenure, Maura was determined to end caciquismo (chieftaincy), encouraged Spain's relations with Britain and France, and initiated... Continue reading "Key Figures and Concepts in Modern Spanish History" »