Notes, summaries, assignments, exams, and problems for Social sciences

Dialectical Materialism

Materialism is the latest theory that matches directly across the entire universe. L.Q. reduces or is subject to step H. Feuerbach was thought to be a materialist, but his mistake was permanence. N1M. Materialism can be divided into two types:

• Mechanistic Materialism
• Dialectical Materialism

In dialectical materialism, nature develops, stating that it is reaching its historical level or height of man. Take care that S1 + people are not an echo, but man is one with his work, so his work is the same as the essence. No matter which subject, its dynamic mobility is producing, evolving, and developing all through dialectical movement. This movement is the thesis, antithesis, and synthesis. This is the same contribution as Hegel'... Continue reading "Dialectical and Historical Materialism: A Marxist View" »

Definition

MIE T7 is a framework for studying and improving social situations in education. Inquirers actively participate in the investigation to enhance their understanding and promote positive change.

Key Questions

Guiding questions include: What? Who? How? (with a preference for qualitative approaches, utilizing tools such as audio, video, and photography) and Why?

Kemmis and McTaggart (1988)

They define collaborative inquiry as systematic, evidence-based work. It goes beyond simple problem-solving to encompass improved understanding and transformation. This collaborative research involves stakeholders and prioritizes the perspectives of those directly involved.

Key Features of Collaborative Inquiry

Collaborative inquiry aims to improve education... Continue reading "MIE T7: Collaborative Inquiry in Education" »

Social and Political Movements in 19th Century Europe

Key Concepts

• Class Society: A form of social organization in Europe after the Industrial Revolution and the bourgeois revolutions, characterized by social groups or classes differentiated by wealth.
• Bourgeoisie: The social class that owns the means of production and controls political, economic, and social life in 19th-century Europe.
• Proletariat: The working class within the capitalist system, possessing only their labor and facing challenging living and working conditions.
• Protectionism: Economic practices advocating tariffs on foreign products to protect domestic industries.
• Free Trade: Economic theory advocating for no state intervention in international trade.
• Chartist Movements: A political

Understanding Theta Roles in Linguistics

Theta roles, also known as semantic roles, describe the role a word or phrase plays in relation to the verb in a sentence. Here's a breakdown of common theta roles:

1. Agent

   The agent is the active instigator or causer of an action. Agents are typically animate (animals or people) and possess volition and cognitive ability.

   Examples:

   • Mary killed Peter.
   • Peter was killed by Mary.

2. Patient

   The patient is the entity undergoing a process or physically affected by an action. It's the affected party of an action instigated by an agent or simply the undergoer of a process.

   Examples:

   • Peter melted the ice. / The ice was melted by Peter.
   • The ice melted.

3. Theme

   The theme is something or someone that is located in a place or that

Astronomy and cosmology are fields of science and knowledge that study the cosmos and the universe. Cosmology, in particular, is part of theoretical physics and investigates the origin, nature, and evolution of the universe.

Prehistoric Sky Observation

Cosmology was observed for the first time in prehistory, reflecting humanity's early interest in observing the sky during prehistoric epochs.

The development of calendars, linked to tracking animal migrations and agricultural cycles, provides evidence of systematic attempts to determine the position and movements of the Sun and the Moon.

Stonehenge demonstrates the study of the universe in order to try to determine with maximum precision the position of the Sun during the summer and winter solstices.... Continue reading "History of Astronomy and Early Cosmology" »

Globalization Process

The unification of the world drives the circulation of material and immaterial goods, leading to the re-globalization of economic, social, political, and cultural aspects. This globalization has unique characteristics that differentiate it from other stages of capitalism:

1. State reform and deregulation of economic and financial activities.
2. Productive restructuring and the emergence of new forms of labor organization.
3. Processes of regionalization and integration, leading to the formation of large economic blocs.

Fordism

Fordism is a specific way of organizing the production process that characterized the capitalist system from the 1930s. Using an assembly line, as pioneered by Ford Motors in the early 20th century, it represents... Continue reading "Globalization and Economic Transformation" »

Understanding Socio-Economic Formation

The text explains that to achieve desired outcomes, individuals engage in work, establishing relationships of production that form the foundation of society. Improvements in these relationships correlate with increased productivity, influencing what Marx termed the legal and economic superstructure. This superstructure shapes consciousness, justifying reality from a social perspective.

Justification of Social Change

The text highlights the contradiction between productive forces and relations of production. When this contradiction arises, it triggers a shift in the societal foundation.

Productive forces and relations of production constitute the infrastructure, the real basis of society. This infrastructure... Continue reading "Understanding Socio-Economic Formation and Historical Materialism" »

Karl Marx (1820-1883): Historical, Philosophical, and Cultural Context

19th Century Context

Economic Context

Karl Marx's work developed during the 19th century, a period marked by the Industrial Revolution. The steam engine propelled advancements in railways, steel production, and steamships, leading to large-scale industrial production. Marx believed that these evolving productive forces drive changes in production relations when conflicts arise. The bourgeoisie, promoters of the industrial revolution, clashed with the proletariat, who suffered the alienating effects of industrialization. These effects included excessive working hours, subhuman labor conditions for women and children, dismissals without retirement, meager wages, lack of insurance... Continue reading "Karl Marx: Philosophy, Economics and Influence" »

Duties of Teachers

• Diagnosis of Needs: Understanding students' individual needs and learning styles.
• Class Preparation: Organizing and managing learning situations, preparing materials for students.
• Motivation: Inspiring and engaging students in the learning process.
• Student-Centered Teaching: Focusing on the needs and progress of individual students.
• Diversity and Inclusion: Considering the diverse backgrounds and learning styles of all students.
• Classroom Management: Suggesting learning activities, guiding their implementation, presenting content with a global and interdisciplinary perspective, and maintaining discipline and order in class.
• Evaluation: Assessing student performance and providing feedback.
• Mentoring and Role Modeling: Serving as a

Key Theories in International Relations

Theories: The discipline of international relations began shortly before World War I in Western Europe and the U.S. There are two primary ways to conceptualize the war: diplomacy, favored by those seeking peace, and force, the basis of foreign policy at the time. This period saw a clash between idealism and realism. All the great powers were involved, and the increased presence of the media amplified public opinion.

Politically, an idealistic proposition known as the League of Nations emerged. This organization proposed a global alliance of countries to prevent future wars.

Current Theoretical Perspectives

• Realism (State-Centric) - Thomas Hobbes: A key figure in establishing the concept of order. Hobbes's