Notes, summaries, assignments, exams, and problems for Social sciences

The political ideologies that defend the working class were profoundly inspired by socialist thought. These movements sought to address social inequalities and advocate for a more just society.

Socialist Thought

Socialism advocates that political rights and freedoms are insufficient without the existence of social equality. Proponents believe there can be no real democracy without effective equal opportunities.

• Its basic ideas include cooperation, collectivization, distribution of wealth, and, in some forms, the abolition of private property.
• Socialism aims to transform society and create a more just social order, achieving social equality, political rights, and a more equitable distribution of wealth.

The earliest forms of socialism, often referred... Continue reading "Socialism, Marxism, and Anarchism: Foundational Political Ideologies" »

19th Century Germany: Nationalism and Intellectual Ferment

The Germany in which Nietzsche lived, and his friend Wagner, was the result of nationalist sentiment that took shape during the nineteenth century in Europe, due to the expansion of liberal thought and propagated by the Napoleonic invasions. Each nation sought a constitution that established the division of powers and political pluralism. In Germany, supporters of union with Austria fought against those who preferred a Germany under the rule of Prussia. With the new project, an expansionist Germany appeared. It set up the North German Confederation, annexed Alsace, Lorraine, and the German states in the South, and the Second Reich was founded. In the second half of the nineteenth century,... Continue reading "19th Century German Philosophy: Nietzsche, Wagner & Historicism" »

The Essay: Definition and Characteristics

The essay is a prose text of variable length, addressing diverse themes with a reflective character. It has several characteristics, such as the use of exposition and argumentation within textual modalities. The reflection is subjective, presenting the author's perspective to persuade the reader, often with a dialogical character. Its structure is open, organized with freedom, and may include heterogeneous fragments. It typically employs a standard language style, sometimes including colloquial voices and idioms, with few technical terms.

Fin de Siècle Spanish Writers (Generation of '98)

Following the crisis of social consciousness and values after 1898, authors sought a national cultural identity, focusing... Continue reading "Spanish Literature: Unamuno, Ortega y Gasset & Movements" »

Language and Languages

Language and languages can be synonymous in certain contexts but can also be distinguished by examining the words very precisely:

• Language: The ability to communicate through words.
• Language: Specific words used to communicate.

There are languages where there are signs or symbols. Their meaning must signify something: The words of a language are what is common to all languages. Human language is the ability to communicate. We all have the capacity for language, and all have the same capacity, but everything to do with a language we know is our own. Language is materialized by language.

• Language: Communication system; human power.
• Languages: Lesser, concrete materializations.

Human beings are fundamentally linguistic, endowed... Continue reading "Understanding Language: Characteristics, Linguistics, and Human Communication" »

The Commonwealth of Catalonia: Formation and Challenges

In Madrid, there were differing opinions regarding the Commonwealth of Catalonia. The Conservative party was opposed, and even within the ruling Liberal party, opinions were divided. Some saw it favorably, while others did not. President José Canalejas agreed to the Commonwealth and committed to the Catalan cause. Unfortunately, Canalejas was assassinated before he could pursue this agreement, and the project was stalled. It was not until the following year, 1913, that the Conservative government of Eduardo Dato finally allowed the Catalan Commonwealth. The Commonwealth was established in April 1914.

The Constitution of the Commonwealth

The first president of the Commonwealth was Enric Prat

Capitalism, Politics, and Social Change

The core of capitalist leadership, including the U.S., Europe, and Japan, extended to Latin America, Africa, and Oceania at the political level. Democratic systems were implanted in most countries, based on the recognition of individual freedoms, the division of power, and political pluralism.

Economically, a capitalist economy based on private property and free markets prevailed. Differences existed in the degree of intervention, favoring societies based on class and wealth.

Political Situation

Governments in Western countries leaned towards the center-right (liberal and Christian democratic) and center-left (social democratic).

Years of Growth

A period of elevated growth was based on:

• Advance advisory and

LOGSE vs. LOE: Primary Education Curricula

This document compares the curricula for Primary Education under the LOGSE (Organic Law of the General Organization of the Educational System) and the LOE (Organic Law of Education) in Spain.

Curriculum Comparison

School Autonomy and Accountability

The autonomy of schools thus necessitates a commitment to **accountability** to the internal organs of the center, educational administration, and society itself. For centers, the acceptance of autonomy is a challenge, introducing an instrument that gives them more corporate responsibility towards the ultimate goal of trying to improve school performance.

Autonomy as a Challenge and Opportunity

They could establish their own organizational model that best fits their educational project and the peculiarities of their pupils.

Defining School Autonomy

The autonomy of institutions should be understood as the ability to decide freely, administer, and manage their programs and resources, or the possibility to act with... Continue reading "School Autonomy: Meaning, Challenges, and Benefits" »

EU Regional Policy and Its Objectives

The European Regional Policy has two main objectives: addressing regional imbalances and promoting development. A previous regional policy implemented in 1986 was deemed ineffective. Its purpose is to increase territorial cohesion (solidarity). This is based on three principles:

• Solidarity among regions.
• Development of autonomy status.
• Further integration into the European Community.

The consequences of integration include the receipt of funds, which are integrated into the EU's regional policy. A new EU regional and cohesion policy was introduced for 2007-2013 (focused on competitiveness) with three objectives for sustainable development:

• Strengthening competitiveness.
• Boosting the economy (R&D).
• Improving

Underlying Principles of Scientific Inquiry

Key Considerations:

• Truths lacking universal validity should be subject to trial and error, enriching the information available for the object of study. The predictive capacity and error margins in social sciences may differ from other disciplines, but this doesn't negate their scientific nature.
• Science, as a human and social product, must be analyzed within its historical context. Scientific objectivity arises from mutual criticism and rigorous scrutiny within the scientific community, characterized by public and intersubjective discourse.
• Scientific theories are human constructs that facilitate understanding relationships between phenomena, enabling intervention and utilization.

Therefore, research... Continue reading "Research Methods and Techniques in Social Sciences" »