Notes, summaries, assignments, exams, and problems for Social sciences

The **Victorian Era** (1836-1901) coincided with Queen Victoria's ascension to the throne and her death. It placed high value on honor, duty, morality, seriousness, and sexual propriety. Key defining traits of Victorian society included identity, morality, and consumerism. The era was marked by political stability and strict cultural norms. Her territories were the largest in Europe (e.g., Canada, New Zealand, South-East Asia, and parts of Africa). This political stability encouraged people to seek order and stability in their personal lives, leading to highly controlled social norms. Personal identity was largely shaped by race, gender, and social class.

Victorian society often categorized nationalities as distinct races, leading to a perceived... Continue reading "Victorian Era: Society, Culture, and Literary Movements" »

Advantages and Disadvantages of Ukraine Joining the European Union and NATO

NATO

Advantages:

1. Improvement of living standards; countries who join NATO have an opportunity to defend their national interests.
2. Modernization of armed forces based on new technology.
3. Ukraine could achieve a more active part in processes of decision-making concerning the interests of Euro-Atlantic security.
4. Ukraine joining NATO will strengthen political independence, give them protection from external interference, and contribute to the country’s attractiveness in the eyes of international investors.

Disadvantages:

1. Large annual membership contributions.
2. Increase in defense spending.
3. Obligation to provide assistance to other states in the event of an armed attack.
4. Changes to

The Rise of Prose in 18th Century English Literature

Coffeehouse Culture and the Socialization of Literature

In London, the coffeehouse replaced the Court as the meeting place for intellectuals and cultural figures. The emergence of journalism contributed to the socialization of poetry, making it more accessible and familiar to the public.

The Expanding World of the British People

A growing sense of possibility transformed the daily lives of the British people. New ways of thinking about their relationship with nature emerged. London became the center of business, pleasure, and a burgeoning consumer society. With increasing prosperity, London transformed into a city where everything was for sale, and spectacles and shows attracted larger and larger... Continue reading "18th Century English Literature: Rise of Prose & Coffeehouse Culture" »

THE LABOUR MOVEMENT

EARLY LABOUR MOVEMENTS

The Industrial Revolution began in Britain, where workers first organized themselves into groups to pressure factory owners and governments. Working together in harsh conditions, workers saw the labour movement as the only way to improve their situation.

• Luddism: In the early stages of the Industrial Revolution, new technologies made skilled workers lose their jobs in the textile industry. In response, some of them destroyed factory machines. This developed into the Luddite movement.
• Chartism: The first organized labour movement with political goals. Between 1838 and 1848, this movement had millions of supporters and presented its People's Charter to the British Parliament. The movement demanded labour

Objectives of Federalism in India

Safeguarding and promoting national unity while accommodating regional diversity are the primary objectives of federalism in India. Two crucial aspects underpin the practice of federalism:

1. Governments at different levels should agree to power-sharing rules.
2. Mutual trust is essential, with each level adhering to the agreed-upon arrangements.

An ideal federal system embodies both mutual trust and a shared commitment to coexistence.

Types of Federations

Coming Together Federations

Independent states voluntarily unite to form a larger entity, pooling sovereignty while retaining their identities to enhance security. Examples include the USA, Switzerland, and Australia. In such federations, constituent states typically... Continue reading "Understanding Federalism in India" »

What Was the Reign of Terror?

It was a bloody period of the French Revolution during which the government executed thousands of its opponents and others at the guillotine.

Who Was Napoleon Bonaparte?

Use your own words.

What Was the Industrial Revolution?

It was the period of rapid growth in machine-made goods.

What Were Great Britain's Resources During the Industrial Revolution?

These resources included labor, raw materials, and money to invest.

What Was Capitalism?

In this system, individuals own most businesses and resources. People invest money in businesses in the hope of making a profit.

Types of War

War of Total Mobilization

This type of war uses all human, economic, and military resources to fight and seek complete victory over the enemy.

War of

Problem solving group:

Four to seven people who work together to complete a specific task or solve a particular problem

Responsibility of group members:

Be committed to the group goal, keep discussions on track, complete individual assignments on time, encourage input from all members, manage conflict among members

Conflict:

Disagreement or clash among ideas, principles, or people

Groupthink:

When group members accept information and ideas without subjecting them to critical analysis

Five common conflict management styles

Withdrawing: A conflict management style that involves physically or psychologically removing yourself from the conflict

Accommodating: A conflict management style that involves accepting others' ideas while neglecting your own

Forcing:

Thomas Jefferson's Presidency (1800-1808)

Judiciary Act of 1801

This act created new judgeships, 16 federal courts, and significantly increased the number of attorneys, clerks, and marshals.

The Marshall Court Era

John Marshall was named Chief Justice by the Judiciary Act of 1801. During his 34-year term, he appointed Federalists to all new judicial positions, including 42 new justices for Washington D.C.

Marbury v. Madison (1803)

This was the first landmark Supreme Court case heard by Chief Justice Marshall. The ruling established the principle of judicial review, though Madison ultimately prevailed in the specific case.

The Louisiana Purchase (1803)

In 1803, Napoleon Bonaparte, unable to maintain control over his North American territories, sold... Continue reading "Key Events in Early American Republic: Jefferson to Van Buren" »

General Research Questions

What is the relation between protocol and culture, political system, religion? Does it depend above all on culture, the political system or on religion?

How is the education in protocol organized in different cultures?

How does protocol affect social and political changes? How does protocol affect the gender relations?

Does protocol the protocol in the studied context still exist?

Definition culture

The way human beings give form to their environment and give meaning to their existence

Discussion culture

Elite culture / popular culture. Though the distinction is already discussed in the early modern period, nowadays this distinction disappears and is much more fluid.

Other oppositions, more or less apparent: countryside /... Continue reading "Italy in the 20th Century: Culture, Protocol, and Totalitarianism" »