Notes, summaries, assignments, exams, and problems for Social sciences

Defining Globalization

Globalization is widely considered the dominant paradigm today. However, the term holds different meanings for different people. Some view it as another word for 'Westernization,' referring to the spread of Western culture worldwide. Others interpret it as internationalization, leading to a homogenization of global culture.

Scholarly Definitions of Globalization

• The spread of transplanetary connections between people.
• A fundamental shift in the nature of social space, encompassing markets, emotions, ideals, music, and more.

Historical Development of Globalization

• The European discovery of America.
• Magellan and Elcano's circumnavigation of the globe.
• The era of European imperialism.

Key Period: 1870-WWI

• Rapid industrialization,

Scientific concepts are abstract entities which allow us to identify, differentiatie and compare, with a certain amount of accuracy, the objects that make up reality and that are studied by a specific science.There 3 types: classificatory concepts: order and separate different kids of entities depending on their basic properties (troposphere). comparative concepts: classify and order things into separate groups( the hardness of minerals). Metric : are exclusive to science. They express specific properties called quantities(speed)

Scientific law: is a way of expressing the regular, constant and invariable relationship we observe between two phenomena or between thei properties.

The teaching of "Media" should be based on the creation of critical social thought. The purpose of education should be to prepare people to participate in society, providing them with tools and resources to develop their own critical social thought. We need to provide the resources to know how to, and to want to, make social decisions, resolve day-to-day problems, and exercise their role consciously, constructively, and responsibly. Citizen awareness and commitment to the world we live in should be encouraged, starting with awareness between science and social problems, and the correlation between the decisions of individuals on the group as a whole.

The Critical Model

• Objectives: Teaching a critical thought approach, thoughtful and committed

McKinsey is a management consulting company that conducts quantitative and qualitative analyses to evaluate management decisions across the public and private sectors.

In the 1980s, the company developed the McKinsey Framework 7S to improve the internal issues of organizations. The 7S framework differentiates between hard elements and soft elements. The hard elements consist of strategy, structure, and systems, while the soft elements are skills, staff, style, and share value. All areas are interconnected, meaning that changing one area will have implications for all the others.

Strategy: The organization's plan to win in the marketplace and gain an advantage over the competition.

Structure: The way the organization structures its resources, including... Continue reading "McKinsey: Management Consulting Company and the 7S Framework" »

Cost-Effectiveness Analysis

Cost-effectiveness analysis ranks policies based on their costs for achieving a defined objective. This analysis is implemented when there is no reasonable consensus on how the relevant costs and benefits can be evaluated. Cost-effectiveness doesn’t evaluate the worthiness of a project based on its benefits relative to costs; instead, it takes some outcome or goal as given and evaluates the efficiency of the various options for achieving it. For example, if policymakers decide to reduce CO2 emissions by 10%, there would be many ways of achieving this goal.

Institutions in Public Policy

Institutions are the laws, organizations, and unwritten rules that make public policy possible. Groups ranging from a handful of homeowners... Continue reading "Public Policy: Cost-Effectiveness, Institutions, and Entities" »

Types of Employers, Introduction to Competencies, Skills Versus Competencies

Some years ago, when executives and managers began to realize that employees' skills were not the only factor determining their success, they started to use competencies. Competencies are a concept taken on board by human resource departments to measure a person's appropriateness for a particular job.

What is a Competency?

In simple terms, a competency is a tool that an individual can use in order to demonstrate a high standard of performance. Most organizations recognize two main groups and then have numerous subgroups into which competencies can be further divided.

Competencies in the Business World

There has been a lot written about competencies. It is easy to see how... Continue reading "Understanding Competencies in the Professional World" »

Wardan Hawa

Student Syndrome (Ariely, 2008): the tendency for students to give in to temptation and invent excuses when the deadline comes.

Planning Fallacy - Optimism trumps past experience (Buehler et al., 1997): students who believe they will finish their work on time tend to fall behind. Taxpayers who were expected to mail their taxes on time were also a week late (Buehler, Griffin & Ross, 2002).

Kahneman and Tversky (1979) proposed the Cognitive Model of Planning Fallacy:

• Inside Planning: focuses on the task rather than the mission, ignores outside factors, and leads to optimism bias
• Outside Planning: considers outside factors and learns from the past
• Optimism Bias: being overly optimistic about time leads to the least success in completing

Liberalism and Individual Rights

• Civil liberties (right to life, to freedom, to private property, as well as all the rights that arise from these: honour, religious freedom, right of assembly and association...)
• Market freedom, by understanding economic freedom as the foundation

Homelessness

-homelessness: We currently live in a world where politicians are corrupt, where women do not charge the same as men and where millions of families are taken from their homes for not being able to pay them, that is, we live in an unjust and cruel world and for that reason, In my opinion, we should try to change it.

For start,he problem presented by this image is a social-economic problem. Perhaps, the man is in the street without a home because he does not have a job and because of that, he can not pay for a house and food and for this reason, he asks for money This lack of money may be due to a crisis, how Spain suffered in 2008.

Secondly, the homeless are people who have nothing and for that reason, we should help them, because... Continue reading "Social and Economic Issues: Homelessness and Work Discrimination" »

Good morning, teacher. In the following presentation, I will talk to you about food engineers and their importance to society. Food engineering produces what our country eats. The importance of good nutrition is not necessarily common sense. In fact, it was only in 1979 that World Food Day was established. In recent years, diverse issues have been addressed, such as food prices, food safety, and biodiversity.

What is a Food Engineer?

A Food Engineer is a professional who can design, plan, adapt, innovate, control, and optimize the production process in the food industry. But what does this mean? To begin with, every engineering discipline implies using knowledge and technologies with a scientific basis (mathematics, biology, and chemistry, among... Continue reading "Food Engineering: Shaping Chile's Agribusiness Future" »