Notes, summaries, assignments, exams, and problems for Secondary education

Minority Shareholder Protection and Remedies

Every company has majority and minority shareholders. Very often, the majority shareholders will possess greater authority, leaving the minority with little choice but to acquiesce. In practice, if a minority shareholder is oppressed, several legal remedies are available. Section 994 addresses personal claims, while Section 260 pertains to corporate claims. Section 122(1)(g) is considered a last resort option. There are significant differences between these remedies.

Section 994 and 996: Unfair Prejudice Claims

Section 994(1) of the Companies Act 2006 is crucial in defining unfair prejudice. A key case illustrating this is O'Neill v Phillips.

Case Study: O'Neill v Phillips

• Facts: Mr. Phillips owned Pectel

New Global Geopolitics: The World Divided into Blocs

The Formation of the Blocs

As of 1947, the United States and the USSR became adversaries because they adopted radically different political and economic systems. They formed two blocs of countries.

Capitalist Bloc (USA)

Included the countries of Western Europe and Japan, with common features like parliamentary democracy and a capitalist economy. This bloc was strengthened by the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO).

Communist Bloc (USSR)

Included the countries of Central and Eastern Europe (occupied after World War I). These countries subordinated freedoms and individual rights to the state's interests and a planned economy. The bloc was reinforced by a military alliance (the Warsaw Pact).... Continue reading "The Cold War: A Geopolitical Division of the World" »

Decolonisation: The Process and Its Consequences

Decolonisation of Asia and the Middle East

In Asia, the independence of the Philippines was a peaceful process because the United States voluntarily granted this status to the country in 1946. The process was mixed on the Hindustan peninsula, where the British Indian Empire was partitioned in 1947 to form the Indian Union and Pakistan, from which Bangladesh separated in 1971. Independence was achieved through war in the Dutch colony of Indonesia and in French Indo-China, from which Vietnam, Laos, and Cambodia emerged.

In the Middle East, Syria, Lebanon, Jordan, Iraq, and various countries of the Arabian Peninsula became independent. The UN decided to divide Palestine in 1947 in order to create the... Continue reading "Decolonisation: Process, Consequences, and Impact" »

Contributory Negligence: The Partial Defence

• Statutory Basis: Section 1(1) of the Law Reform (Contributory Negligence) Act 1945.

A finding of contributory negligence cannot be established unless the defendant (D) is first proven to be negligent.

Defining Contributory Negligence

Contributory negligence occurs where the harm suffered is partly the fault of D and partly the fault of the claimant (C). Consequently, any award of damages to C may be reduced by reason of C's contributory negligence, though the reduction cannot be 100%.

Case Example: Jones v Livox Quarries [1952]

The claimant disregarded his employer's safety instructions by riding on the back of a haulage vehicle. Another employee negligently crashed into the back of the vehicle, causing... Continue reading "Contributory Negligence and Volenti Non Fit Injuria Defenses" »

Tragedy:

a serious drama or other literary work in which conflict between a protagonist and a superior force (often fate) concludes in disaster for the protagonist.

Comedy:

the genre of dramatic literature that deals with the light or the amusing or with the serious and profound in a light, familiar, or satiric manner.

Tragicomedy:

a drama combining the qualities of tragedy and comedy.

Tragic Flaw:

a flaw that brings about a hero’s downfall.

Farce:

a light, comic work using improbable situations, stereotyped characters, horseplay, and exaggeration.

Satire:

in drama, the use of ridicule, irony, or sarcasm to hold up to ridicule and contempt vices, follies, abuses, and so forth.

Melodrama:

a genre characterized by stereotypical characters, implausible plots,... Continue reading "Exploring Drama and Theatre Concepts" »

Respiratory System: Nutrients and O2

The respiratory system captures oxygen from the air and transfers it into the blood. Cells use oxygen and nutrients to produce energy. Blood removes carbon dioxide (CO2), which is expelled from the body along with water vapor.

Respiratory system function: Gas exchange with the atmosphere.

Nasal Cavity

The nasal cavity is divided into two chambers. Each chamber has an external opening (nostril) and an internal opening to the pharynx (choana). A partition called the nasal septum separates the chambers. The nasal cavity is the entry point for air.

Characteristics

• Abundant capillaries with circulating blood.
• Abundant nooks that allow the air to travel further and remain inside longer, heating the air.
• Internally covered

Organ Transplants and Donation

The Human Immune System

Understanding the Immune System

Human beings possess a sophisticated defense system known as the immune system. This intricate network of mechanisms provides the body with resistance to infectious agents or pathogens.

Innate or Non-Specific Immunity

We are born with innate or natural immunity, which is a form of non-specific immunity. It develops while we are in the womb and includes several key components:

Components of Innate Immunity

• External Defenses: The skin, which is largely impermeable to most microorganisms, and mucous membranes. These tissues line internal passageways and secrete mucus that prevents bacterial growth.
• Bodily Secretions: Substances like tears and saliva destroy or damage pathogens. Natural bacterial

1. Health and Illness

1. Health and illness

1.1 Health and Its Determinants

The World Health Organization (WHO) defines health as a state of complete physical, mental and social well-being.

Health depends on a number of factors known as determinants of health. Determinants include individual biological factors, environmental factors, and factors related to health measures, all of which affect our health.

Biological Determinants

Biological determinants are personal characteristics related to the physiological make-up of the human body. These include increasing age and certain characteristics an individual is born with, which may be inherited from their parents.

Environmental Determinants

Environmental determinants are features of our surroundings. Positive... Continue reading "Health and Illness: Determinants, Types, and Transmission" »

inequality:the unfair situation in society when some people have more opportunities,money, etc. Than other people:

global village:The term global village represents the simplifying of the whole world into one village through the use of electronic media.

MEDC:A developed country (MEDC) is a rich country.

LEDC:A developing country (LEDC) is a poor country.

fair trade:comercio justo(trade between companies in developed countries and producers in developing countries in which fair prices are paid to the producers.)

conflict-mineral:(Especially in Africa) A mineral mined in an area of armed conflict and traded illicitly to finance the fighting.

economic development:Economic development is the process by which a nation improves the economic, political,