Notes, summaries, assignments, exams, and problems for Secondary education

Germanic Peoples

Definition and Origins

The Germanic peoples (Latin: Germani), sometimes referred to as "Germans," were a group of ethnicities from continental Northern Europe. Roman-era authors distinguished them from neighboring Celtic peoples. They are also referred to as Teutonic, Suebian, or Gothic peoples in older literature, although the latter two terms now primarily refer to specific Germanic groups.

Language and Culture

The Germanic peoples are closely associated with "Germanic languages" as defined in modern linguistics. However, some historians argue against the idea that early Germanic peoples shared a single core culture or language before interacting with Romans. During the Roman era, the migrating Suebian-related "Elbe Germans"... Continue reading "Germanic Peoples: History, Culture, and Influence" »

French and Indian War (1754-1763)

• This war provided Great Britain enormous territorial gains in North America.
• Disputes over subsequent frontier policy and paying the war's expenses led to colonial discontent and the American Revolution.

Key Figures in the American Revolution

George Washington

• Virginia plantation owner
• 1st President of the United States
• Served as a general and commander-in-chief of colonial armies during the American Revolutionary War.

Continental Army (aka the Revolutionary War Army)

• Led by George Washington
• Authorized by the Continental Congress

John Adams

• 1st Vice President, 2nd President of the USA
• Major figure of the American Revolution, shaping of the Constitution
• Drafting of the Declaration of Independence

Samuel Adams (Revolutionary

#THE INDUSTRIAL DISPUTES ACT This act has been enacted by the central legislature with the object of setting the disputes Between the workmen and management amicably&peacfully. Workmen of dimakuchi tea Estate v dimakuchi tea estate1958 OBJECTIVES 1.promotion of measures for securing and Preventing amity and good relation between the employers and workmen.2.an investigation and Settlement of industrial disputes3.prevention of illegal strikes and lock out 4.Releif to workmen in The matter of lay off and retrenchment 5.To promote collective bargaining 

Direct Speech Fundamentals

Direct speech involves quoting the exact words spoken, enclosed in quotation marks.

• Dr. Ames wrote, “Negative emotions are harmful and cause illness.”
• He continued, “But Cousins hasn’t proved anything.”
• Cousins said, “Laughter cured me.”
• We wrote, “He isn’t practicing laughter yoga.”
• She claimed, “We were telling the truth.”
• Doctors admitted, “We’ve learned from Cousins’s article.”
• He told her, “I’ll check to see how you’re feeling later.”
• Pam told us, “I can’t understand what happened.”
• He told me, “You have to see this funny movie.”
• The nurse told the little girl, “You must rest.”

Indirect Speech Transformation

Indirect speech (or reported speech) conveys what was said without... Continue reading "Mastering Reported Speech and English Humor Vocabulary" »

The Constitution

• It is the highest law, the foundational document where all rules are defined.
• It defines the state, the rights, and the obligations of people.
• It limits the power of institutions.
• In a democracy, citizens participate by voting for electors or in a referendum.

Forms of Government

Referendum: Is a legal process in which laws are put under popular vote for ratification. This may result in the adoption of a new law or the renovation of an existing one.

Dictatorship: The absolute power of the state is concentrated in one person or group, such as an army, an ethnic group, a religious leader, or a political party.

Dictators often use violence to gain power, frequently through a revolution.

Characteristics of Dictatorship:

• No citizen participation
• No

27 Essential Vocabulary Terms and Precise Definitions

Enhance your understanding of complex concepts across various fields, from political science and employment to parapsychology and engineering, with this list of 27 key terms and their precise definitions.

1. Regime: A government, especially an authoritarian one.
2. Struggle: Make forceful or violent efforts to get free of restraint or constriction.
3. Survivor: A person who remains alive after an event in which others have died.
4. Sculptor: An artist who makes sculptures.
5. Employer: A person or organization that employs people.
6. Employee: A person employed for wages or salary, especially at a nonexecutive level.
7. Scrutinize: Examine or inspect closely and thoroughly.
8. Afterwards: At a later or future time; subsequently.

Common English Words and Their Definitions

A

Androgynous

- Partly male and partly female in appearance; of indeterminate sex.

B

Boost

- Help or encourage (something) to increase or improve.

C

Castaway

- A person who has been shipwrecked and stranded in an isolated place.

D

Drift

- (Especially of snow or leaves) be blown into heaps by the wind.

E

Elbow

- The joint between the forearm and the upper arm.

Encouragement

- The action of giving someone support, confidence, or hope.

Entourage

- A group of people attending or surrounding an important person.

Eyebrow

- The strip of hair growing on the ridge above a person's eye socket.

Eyelash

- Each of the short curved hairs growing on the edges of the eyelids, serving to protect the eyes from dust particles.

I

Interviewee

-... Continue reading "Concise Definitions of 30 Common English Words" »

Understanding Marked and Unmarked Terms

Within an opposition, the difference between a marked term and an unmarked term can be explained as follows:

The negative terms of an opposition are often formally marked: happy, unhappy; like, dislike. The morphologically simple term may have an alternative simple partner: unmarried-single; untrue-false. Sometimes there are differentiating nuances, in that the morphologically marked word suggests that the other term was expected: unsafe-dangerous; unclean-dirty; unkind-cruel; unhappy-sad.

• Cases with formal marking in both members include: increase-decrease; accelerate-decelerate.
• Perceptual salience tends to be associated with the positive term in gradable concepts: long-short; fast-slow; heavy-light. The

Thompson: A Marxist Historian

Thompson was a historian with a Marxist background whose interest in radical political works sets him apart from other authors we studied. He, like Hoggart, followed culturalism, a perspective that stresses human agency, or the active production of culture and not its passive consumption. His book The Making of the English Working Class really embodies the term, since in it he traces the development of the English working class between 1780 and 1832, more or less the time encompassed by the Industrial Revolution. The book can be seen as a rescue operation of the members (especially radicals) of the working class lost in a history led by the deaths of monarchs, statesmen, military leaders, and politicians. These... Continue reading "The Making of the English Working Class: A Radical Perspective" »

From Ireland's gently rolling hills to Iceland's icy glaciers and fiery volcanoes, Northern Europe is a land of great variety. Because of this variety, the physical geography of Northern Europe changes greatly from one location to another.

Two regions—the British Isles and Scandinavia—make up Northern Europe. To the southwest lie the British Isles, a group of islands located across the English Channel from the rest of Europe. Northeast of the British Isles is Scandinavia, a region of islands and peninsulas in far northern Europe. The island of Iceland, to the west, is often considered part of Scandinavia.

Hills and Mountains

Rough, rocky hills and low mountains cover much of Northern Europe. Rugged hills stretch across much of Iceland, northern... Continue reading "Physical Geography of Northern Europe: Hills, Mountains, Farmland, Glaciers, and Natural Resources" »