Notes, summaries, assignments, exams, and problems for Secondary education

Spanish Political System

Types of Political Systems

Authoritarian System

Power is controlled by one person.

• Dictatorship: A single party.
• Theocracy: Religious authorities control the government.
• Republic: The president is a dictator.
• Monarchy: The monarch has absolute power.

Territory

Controls and has a border that marks its boundaries with other states.

Decentralized States

They are a combination between centralized and federal states; they have autonomy in these matters.

Unitary State

The executive power is exerted by a single and central government.

Federal State

Power is divided between the federal government and the states' governments.

Rule of Law and the Constitution

Rule of Law

The state is subject to laws and regulations, and any new law depends on... Continue reading "Spanish Political System: Structure and Institutions" »

English Vocabulary

Sentiments

• Amusing - divertit
• Upsetting - inquietant
• Embarrassing - incòmode
• Worrying - preocupant
• Inspiring - inspirador
• Frightening - espantós
• Annoying - molesta
• Confusing - confús
• Relaxing - relaxant
• Fascinating - fascinant
• Frustrating - frustrant

Tecnologia

• Browse - navegar
• Charge - carregar
• Download - descarregar
• Message - enviar un missatge
• Plug in - connectar
• Press - prémer
• Scroll - desplaçar-se
• Stream - transmetre
• Swipe - fer lliscar el dit
• Switch off - apagar
• Switch on - encendre
• Tap - tocar
• Unplug - desconnectar
• Update - actualitzar

Grammar Reference

Present Perfect and Past Simple

Food and Essential Nutrients

Food is our source of nutrients. Nutrients are biomolecules our body needs to sustain vital functions. They are the chemical components of food, the building blocks and energy sources our cells require to live.

Basic Nutritional Requirements

• Energetic: Some nutrients are broken down in mitochondria to extract energy.
• Structural: Some nutrients are building blocks of body structures.
• Regulatory: Some nutrients are necessary in small quantities to regulate body metabolism.

Carbohydrates (Glucids)

Biomolecules present in bread, cereals, potatoes, pasta, etc. They provide energy to cells, and some of them must be consumed on a regular daily basis.

Simple and Complex Glucids

Simple Glucids (Sugars)

Sweet taste, small molecules.... Continue reading "Essential Nutrients and Their Role in Health" »

1º Future possibility / if + pres Simp / Future simple - imperative / I’ll be late if I don't’ hurry - If you are tired go to bed - You can have a sandwich if you want something to eat.

2º Imaginary or hypothetical situation in the present or future - Giving advice. / If + Past Simp / Would + base form - could ¬ might + base form / If he tried harder, he would do better at school - If he won the lottery, we could buy a car. - If I were you, I would invite Tom to the party.

3º Situation in the past which is over and cannot be changed / If + Past Perfect Simple / Would + have + Past participle - Could ¬ might + have + past participle / If I had woken up on time, I wouldn't have been late for school. - We might have visited you if we had

Fascism originated in Italy after World War I and later spread to other countries of Europe. There are three key characteristics:

Authoritarianism

This is the supremacy of the state, which means the state comes before individual rights. Propaganda was used to gain people's loyalty.

Ultra-Nationalism, Imperialism, and Militarism

This was an aggressive foreign policy of territorial expansions that sought to provide the state with more living space. It had a lot of racism and xenophobia because the nation was defined by race.

Economic Control

Capitalism is allowed, but the main goal is to achieve national self-sufficiency through extreme protectionism. The state establishes corporations of business owners and workers, cooperation is encouraged, and... Continue reading "The Origins and Characteristics of Fascism in Europe" »

Defining Health and Wellness

Health is a state of complete physical, mental, and social well-being.

Types of Surveys

• Writing on paper forms
• Telephone
• Face-to-face surveys
• Online surveys
• Counting hands
• Social media sites

Understanding Food Groups and Nutrition

The following percentages represent typical recommended daily intake proportions:

Starchy Foods (Carbohydrates)

Carbohydrates are needed for energy (33% of daily intake).

Examples: Cereals, rice, bread...

Fruit and Vegetables

Provides B vitamins, which help the body use energy (33% of daily intake).

Examples: Bananas, broccoli, apples...

Meat, Fish, and Eggs (Proteins)

This is the protein group. Proteins help your body grow and repair itself (12% of daily intake).

Fats and Sugar

Provide energy (7% of daily... Continue reading "Essential Concepts in Health, Nutrition, and Modern Lifestyle" »

Programming Fundamentals

What is a Constant?

A constant is a data value that remains unchanged during the execution of a program.

Three Programming Constructs

The three fundamental programming constructs are: selection, iteration, and sequence.

Logical Operators

One example of a logical operator is AND.

• Operator: and
• Description: Logical AND: True if both operands are true.
• Syntax: x and y

Functions vs. Procedures

Difference: A function is typically used to calculate a value from a given input, while a procedure is a set of commands executed in a specific order.

Similarity: Functions must return a value, but in stored procedures, it is optional. Procedures can return zero or multiple values. Functions usually have only input parameters, whereas procedures... Continue reading "Programming Concepts: Constants, Constructs, and Operators" »

Teachers' Role in Classroom Technology

As computers are used more and more in education, there will soon be no role for teachers in the classroom.

Computers Improve Access and Engagement

There is no doubt that education and the learning process have changed since the introduction of computers: the search for information has become easier and more engaging, and connectivity has expedited data availability. Though expert systems have made computers more intelligent, they have not yet become a substitute for human interaction in the learning process. In my opinion, what can be expected is a change in the teachers' role, but not their disappearance from the classroom.

Nobody can argue with the fact that the acquisition of knowledge is more fun and... Continue reading "Teachers' Role in Classroom Technology and Learning" »

The Impact of Reading vs. Television on the Mind

Some people subscribe to the belief that reading helps enhance language skills and creativity, whereas watching television does very little for these abilities. Personally, I support this opinion for several reasons, which will be detailed in this essay.

How Books Stimulate the Imagination

As we all know, books use text to convey ideas, and quite often there are no images or illustrations to picture the scenes described. Therefore, we must use our own imagination while reading. For example, when reading a fantasy novel containing mythical creatures, one typically visualizes the appearance of those characters in their mind while following the plot. In contrast, movie heroes on a TV screen are usually... Continue reading "Why Reading Beats Television for Language Learning" »