Notes, summaries, assignments, exams, and problems for Secondary education

U11: Count on

to be confident that you can depend on someone. Fall out: to argue with someone and stop being friendly with them. Finish with: to end a romantic relationship with someone. go off: to stop linking or being interested in someone or something. Hit it off: people hit it off, they like each other and become friendly immediately. let down: to disappoint someone by failing to do what you agreed to do or were expected to do. look down on: to think that you are better than someone. look up to: to admire and respect someone. stick together: people stick together, they support and help each other. take after: to be similar to an older member of you family in appearance or character. Compound adjectives: Badly behaved: behaving in a way that... Continue reading "English Phrasal Verbs and Compound Adjectives" »

What is economic activity?

Economic activities are all the processes used to obtain the goods and services that people need. The three phases of economic activity are:

• Production → is all the goods and services which are created as a result of an economic activity.
• Distribution → is the process of moving goods and services from the place of production to the consumer.
• Consumption → is all the goods and services that people buy to satisfy their wants and needs.

History of payment

• Barter → direct exchange of goods
• Natural coins → valuable natural items, with an agreed value like shells, cocoa, salt, furs
• Metal coins → the first metal coins were made in Lidia (present-day Turkey) in the 7th century BC
• Paper money → notes first appeared in

Essential Medical Concepts

Key Definitions in Health and Immunity

What is Health?

Health is a combination of physical, mental, and social well-being, indicating a state where an individual is not suffering from a disease.

Understanding Antigens

An antigen is a substance that is perceived by lymphocytes and triggers a specific immune response.

Phagocytes: Immune System Defenders

A phagocyte is a specific type of white blood cell that activates when a pathogen crosses the first line of defense.

The Body's Defense Mechanisms

Understanding Immunity and Protection

Non-Specific Immune Response

When a pathogen crosses the first line of defense, the second line of defense is activated. This non-specific response is carried out by specific white blood cells, such... Continue reading "Human Body Defenses and Therapeutic Interventions" »

Projecting Points and Shapes

Projecting points onto a plane involves rays passing through the points and intersecting the plane. These intersections are called projections. Projecting a shape involves projecting its vertices.

Projection Systems

There are two main systems of projection:

Perspective Projection

When the rays originate from a single point, the system is called perspective projection. The resulting shape is proportionally smaller or larger.

Parallel Projection

When the rays are parallel, the system is called parallel projection. The resulting shape is congruent (same shape and size). There are two variations:

1. Oblique Projection: The rays are oblique to the projection plane.

2. Orthographic Projection: The rays are perpendicular to the projection

The Urbanization Process

The urbanization process consists of concentrating population and the most dynamic economic and cultural activities within cities.

Antiquity

In Europe, the urbanization process began around the third millennium BC with the creation of cities in the Eastern Mediterranean by trading civilizations like Crete. However, the definitive push toward urbanization came in the 8th century BC, first with the Greeks and then with Roman rule, which spread cities all across the empire.

In Spain, the first cities (Cádiz and Ampurias) emerged in the 8th century BC thanks to colonization by Mediterranean peoples (Phoenicians and Greeks). The number of cities increased during the period of Roman rule, when numerous cities were founded, such... Continue reading "The Urbanization Process: From Ancient Cities to Modern Metropolises" »

The Suburbs

In the 20th century, particularly between the 1950s and 1980s, urban growth led to the creation of vast suburban outskirts adjacent to historical cities. These areas were subject to characteristic zoning laws that segregated them into residential, industrial, and service-sector zones.

Residential Zones

Residential zones vary based on residents' buying power, resulting in social segregation: slums for disadvantaged or marginalized groups; tower block neighborhoods of varying sizes and qualities for the middle and lower classes; and exclusive single-family housing developments for the upper classes.

Industrial Zones

Industrial zones house factories that have relocated from city centers, as well as new industries seeking lower land prices... Continue reading "Suburbanization: Urban Growth and the Creation of Rural-Urban Areas" »

Audition 1: Beethoven's Symphony No. 5

Work and Composer

Symphony No. 5 by Ludwig van Beethoven. He was born on December 16, 1770, and died on March 26, 1827.

Genre

Instrumental and secular because it is a symphony.

Style

Between Classicism and a middle period called the Heroic Period.

Texture

Counterpoint: Musical phrases develop independently of one another.

Movement

Allegro

Rhythm

Short figures (predominantly)

Timbre

Orchestra with brass and percussion

Character

Nervous, intriguing

Context

To be filled with a mysterious story.

Text

No text can be found as it is an instrumental work.

Audition 2: Dvorak's New World Symphony

Work and Composer

New World Symphony by Antonin Dvorak. He was born on September 8, 1841, and died on May 1, 1904.

Genre

Instrumental and secular... Continue reading "Classical Music Analysis: Beethoven, Dvorak, Verdi, Vives" »

Core Principles Governing Insurance Contracts

Utmost Good Faith (Uberrimae Fidei)

The principle of Utmost Good Faith requires the insured party to disclose all material information to the insurance company (insurer).

• Material information is any data that would affect the insurer’s decision to provide coverage and/or determine the premium charged.
• When completing the proposal form (application form), all questions must be answered truthfully.
• If the insurer discovers that material information was withheld (e.g., during a claim), the contract becomes null and void, resulting in no compensation.

The Principle of Insurable Interest

Insurable Interest dictates that you can only insure something in which you have a legal relationship and a personal financial... Continue reading "5 Essential Principles of Insurance Law and Claims" »

Classical Music

Transformation from the Early Modern Period to the Contemporary Age

Music between 1730 and 1820

The Rest of the Arts

Neo-classicism. 18th Century: The Age of Enlightenment. Music started to get closer to private houses and public concerts.

Classical Composers

• Liberal artists
• Wanted to reach out to new audiences
• Music: human, natural, pleasant for everyone
• Predominated formal clarity and melodic simplicity

Secular Vocal Music

• Most important: Classical Opera
• Opera underwent a change during the Classicism, which made it tend towards naturalness. It eliminates the excess of the Baroque and took the plots and the characters closer to the new audience.
• Opera Seria: Most important composer C.W. Gluck, who laid the foundation of the new opera in

The Olympic Games

The Olympic Games are an international sporting event celebrated every four years. They are organized by the International Olympic Committee (IOC). All countries are invited to participate under two flags: their national flag and the Olympic flag, which is composed of five interconnected rings of different colors. Each ring represents one of the five continents.

Historical Periods

The Games are historically divided into two periods:

• The Ancient Olympic Games (776 BC - 393 AD)
• The Modern Olympic Games (1896 to present)

The Ancient Olympic Games

The Ancient Games were celebrated in Olympia, located on a Greek island called "Katakolon." To participate, athletes needed to meet three requirements:

1. Be Greek
2. Be a man (women were not allowed