Notes, abstracts, papers, exams and problems of Secondary education

What are we made of?

Carbohydrates, Fats, Proteins, Water.

Metabolism:

All chemical reactions that take place inside the body.

Carbohydrates:

Include sugars and starches. Contain three types of atoms: carbon, hydrogen, oxygen.

Sugars: The simplest kind of carbohydrates are the simple sugars or monosaccharides, such as glucose and fructose. If two monosaccharides join, a disaccharide is formed.

Polysaccharides:
If many simple sugars join together, a molecule called a polysaccharide is made. (Starch and glycogen are polysaccharides.)

Carbohydrates Functions:
Energy: Energy is released by respiration. The carbohydrate used in respiration is usually glucose.
Transport: Animals transport glucose around the body, plants transport sucrose.
Storage: Plants store... Continue reading "Understanding Carbohydrates, Fats, Proteins, and Enzymes" »

FUNGI KINGDOM

Cellular Organization:

Unicellular or multicellular, the cells are eukaryotic, they have no tissues.

Size and Shape:

Unicellular fungi, like yeast, are round or oval and microscopic in size.

Nutrition:

Heterotrophic, many are saprophytes, feeding on organic material from animals or plants.

Lifestyle:

They can be free-living symbionts or parasites.

Reproduction:

Unicellular asexual, multicellular asexual, or sexual.

PROTOCTIST KINGDOM PROTOZOA

Cellular Organization:

Unicellular, they have no tissues.

Size and Shape:

Oval, round, oblong, half-moon. All are microscopic.

Nutrition:

Heterotrophic, feeding on bacteria and algae.

Habitat and Lifestyle:

Most are free-living.

Reproduction:

They reproduce asexually by binary fission.

Movement:

They move by using... Continue reading "Characteristics of Fungi, Protozoa, Algae, and Monera Kingdoms" »

OBJECTIVES OF ADOLESCENCE 
    To develop emotional and cognitive abilities. Young humans have access to abstract thinking and reflexive knowledge. 
    To build a personal identity, integrating and accepting their body image, have expectations and future projects. This includes accepting puberty’s physical changes, redefining familiar relationships, achieve emotional independence and a sexual identity. 
    To acquire new social abilities (relations with other classmates and adults), an autonomous moral, new interpersonal relationships (couple relationships) and exercising a studying or working role. 

PSYCHOLOGICAL CHANGES:
   It reaffirms the Ego. Individuals take conscience of themselves and acquire more emotional control. This... Continue reading "Human performance " »

Matter and Energy

Matter

• Atoms and molecules
• Everything that has mass and volume
• Law of Conservation of Matter: Matter is neither created nor destroyed, it only transforms.

Energy

• Light, chemical, and heat
• Ability to perform work
• Law of Conservation of Energy: Energy is neither created nor destroyed, it only transforms.
• Second Law of Thermodynamics: Entropy tends to increase in the universe.

Cycles of Matter

We can study matter by the path of the atoms and molecules that constitute it. We consider that each trophic level is a compartment, through which the atoms pass.

Energy Flows

• Energy passes from one level or compartment to another, through trophic networks.
• In each step, a significant part of energy is lost as heat or entropy.
• Energy cycles are not closed

... Continue reading "Matter and Energy Cycles, Population Dynamics, and Growth Strategies" »

Absolutism in Europe: The Rise of Authoritarian Monarchies

Beginning in the late 15th century, European monarchs began consolidating power, gradually wresting it from traditional sources of authority like the nobility, the Church, and city-states. This trend, known as the rise of authoritarian monarchies, continued throughout the 16th century.

The 17th Century: The Zenith of Absolute Rule

The 17th century witnessed the culmination of this power shift, with monarchs reaching the pinnacle of their authority. This period marked the emergence of absolutism, a political system where the king embodied the ultimate source and wielder of all political power.

Philosophical Justifications for Absolute Power

Several prominent thinkers sought to legitimize... Continue reading "Absolutism in Europe: From Authoritarian Monarchies to the Divine Right of Kings" »

... Continue reading "The Rise of Authoritarian Monarchies and Absolutism in Europe" »

Invertebrate Reproduction

Porifera (Sponges)

They perform both types of reproduction:

• Asexual Reproduction: A small piece of sponge breaks off, anchors to a surface, and regenerates into a complete organism.
• Sexual Reproduction: This requires two individuals of opposite sex. They form sexual cells (sperm and ovum) that join together and produce a larva. The larva then anchors to a surface and grows, forming a new individual.

Polyps

They reproduce both asexually and sexually:

• Asexual Reproduction: A small bud forms and remains attached as it grows. It separates from the parent organism only when mature and then anchors to a surface.
• Sexual Reproduction: This requires two individuals of opposite sex. They form sexual cells (sperm and ovum) that join

... Continue reading "Invertebrate Reproduction: A Comprehensive Look" »

Government Economic Policies

1) Economic growth: the government will always want the economy to grow. They can encourage growth through helping private business to grow, through low business taxes or through government involvement in growth sectors such as new high tech industries.

2) Prices: the government will want to make sure that the general level of prices in the economy is effectively managed. Prices need to rise in a relatively slow and predictable way so that future contracts can be made where both sides know the value of what they pay or receive. Government policies to control inflation might include reducing spending or raising taxes when prices start to rise.

3) Income distribution: all economies are characterized by inequalities in... Continue reading "Government Economic Policies and Financial Instruments" »

Romantic Period

1. What is a Symphonic Poem?

A symphonic poem is a symphonic musical form consisting of only one movement.

2. When Was the Romantic Period in Music?

The Romantic period in music occurred in the 19th century.

3. What Are the Characteristics of the Romantic Period?

• Expressive melodies
• More freedom in the structure of melodies
• Introduction of leitmotiv
• Musical contrast creating expressive melodies
• Birth of programme music

4. What Type of Romantic Vocal Music Was Based on Mythology?

German Opera

5. What Were the Main Vocal Forms of the Romantic Period?

• German lied
• Italian opera
• German opera

6. The Romantic Symphony

The Romantic symphony has various movements that are not based on a structural form like the Classical symphonies. Instead, it is developed... Continue reading "A Comprehensive Guide to Music Periods: Romanticism, Classicism, and 20th Century" »

Infinitive

Past Simple

Past Participle

Spanish

           

rise

rose

risen

alzarse, subir

           

run

ran

run

correr

           

say

said

said

decir

           

see

saw

seen

ver

           

sell

sold

sold

vender

           

send

sent

sent

enviar

           

set

set

set

colocar

           

show

showed

shown

mostrar

           

shut

shut

shut

cerrar

           

sing

sang

sung

cantar

           

sink

sank

sunk

hundirse

           

sit

sat

sat

sentarse

           

sleep

slept

slept

dormir

           

speak

spoke

spoken

hablar

           

spend

spent

spent

gastar dinero, pasar tiempo

           

steal

stole

stolen

robar

           

swim

swam

swum

nadar

           

take

took

taken

tomar, llevar

           

teach

taught

taught

enseñar

 ... Continue reading "Spanish provinces" »