Notes, summaries, assignments, exams, and problems for Secondary education

Military Expansion & Discoveries

Military Expansion Outside the Iberian Peninsula

Italy

The forces of Gonzalo Fernández de Córdoba, "The Great Captain," defeated the French and secured the Aragonese territories of Naples, Sicily, and Sardinia.

The Atlantic Ocean

Castilla's Atlantic expansion began with the conquest and colonization of the Canary Islands (completed in 1496) and the discovery of America in 1492.

The Discovery of America

Portuguese Discoveries

In the 15th century, Portugal was the leading power in geographical discoveries. The Portuguese established trading posts on the African coast to obtain slaves, ivory, and gold. This exploration was supported by Henry the Navigator, who founded a school of navigators and mapmakers.

Christopher

Gregorian Chants: We call them Gregorian chants, in honor of Pope Gregory I (540-604), who was their first compiler. Western music comes from the medieval chants of the Catholic Church.

Characteristics of Gregorian Chants:

• The song is a capella, only voice with no instruments.
• The subject is religious. It is a prayer.
• All the voices sing the same melody, so the texture is monophonic or monodic.
• The language is Latin.
• Its rhythm is free (without a time signature) and it flows with the text.
• The authors are anonymous.

Troubadours: Troubadours are in the countryside playing instruments of the period (the harp, bagpipe, and shawm). Songs were not religious. It developed mainly in France in the 12^th and 13^th centuries.

Characteristics of Troubadour Music:

Classical Music

Transformation from the Early Modern Period to the Contemporary Age

Music between 1730 and 1820

The Rest of the Arts

Neo-classicism. 18th Century: The Age of Enlightenment. Music started to get closer to private houses and public concerts.

Classical Composers

• Liberal artists
• Wanted to reach out to new audiences
• Music: human, natural, pleasant for everyone
• Predominated formal clarity and melodic simplicity

Secular Vocal Music

• Most important: Classical Opera
• Opera underwent a change during the Classicism, which made it tend towards naturalness. It eliminates the excess of the Baroque and took the plots and the characters closer to the new audience.
• Opera Seria: Most important composer C.W. Gluck, who laid the foundation of the new opera in

Afghanistan: Kabul / Armenia: Yerevan / Azerbaijan: Baku / Bahrain: Manama / Bangladesh: Dhaka / Bhutan: Thimphu / Brunei: Bandar Seri Begawan / Cambodia: Phnom Penh / China: Beijing / Cyprus: Nicosia / Georgia: Tbilisi / India: New Delhi / Indonesia: Jakarta / Iran: Tehran / Iraq: Baghdad / Israel: Jerusalem / Japan: Tokyo / Jordan: Amman / Kazakhstan: Nur-Sultan / Kuwait: Kuwait City / Kyrgyzstan: Bishkek / Laos: Vientiane / Lebanon: Beirut / Malaysia: Kuala Lumpur / Maldives: Male / Mongolia: Ulaanbaatar / Myanmar: Naypyidaw / Nepal: Kathmandu / North Korea: Pyongyang / Oman: Muscat / Pakistan: Islamabad / Palestine: Jerusalem (East) / Philippines: Manila / Qatar: Doha / Russia: Moscow / Saudi Arabia: Riyadh / Singapore: Singapore / South

3, The cultural legacy of the feudal system: pilgrimages and crusades.

Vocabulary U. 6

Jobs and Education

• Apply for a job: Solicitar un trabajo
• Claim benefits: Reclamar beneficios
• Do a course: Hacer un curso
• Do a degree: Hacer un grado (universitario)
• Do an assignment: Hacer una tarea escolar
• Do business: Hacer negocio
• Do your homework: Hacer los deberes
• Drop out: Dejar algo
• Get a job: Conseguir un trabajo
• Get fired: Estar despedido
• Get good/bad grades: Sacar buenas/malas notas
• Get paid: Ser pagado
• Get promoted: Ser ascendido
• Graduate from university: Graduarse
• Leave school: Dejar el colegio
• Pass an exam: Aprobar un examen
• Pass with flying colors: Aprobar sobrado
• Pass your driving test: Aprobar el carnet de conducir
• Start a business: Empezar un negocio
• Start a career: Empezar la carrera laboral
• Start work: Empezar a trabajar
• Teach yourself:

The Foral Regime in the Basque Country

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The foral regime established a system of shared sovereignty between the King and local authorities. The relationship between the foruak (Basque foral laws), other bodies of law, and sovereignty remains a complex issue to this day. The Basque provinces viewed their foruak as akin to a constitution, guaranteeing their traditional rights. Conversely,...

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Healthy Habits for a Better Life

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The Tsar's Abdication: A Direct Consequence of the February Revolution

The Tsar's abdication in 1917 was a direct consequence of the February Revolution. Forced to relinquish his position, and with his son's grave health concerns, he offered the throne to his brother. However, his brother's refusal marked the end of tsarism in Russia.

The February Uprising

In February 1917, the citizens of Petrograd took to the streets in a primarily peaceful strike, aiming to make their grievances heard by the Tsar. Unfortunately, the Tsar, ill-prepared for leadership and overwhelmed by the situation, remained indecisive. His only desire was to reunite with his family in Petrograd. This lack of action prompted a harsh response from the army, resulting in numerous...

Between 1870 and 1914, Europe experienced a period known as the "Armed Peace." Despite the absence of major wars, tensions simmered among European nations, leading to a significant arms race. Countries dedicated a substantial portion of their resources to military production, creating an atmosphere of unease and anticipation.

The Importance of the German Empire

Following its unification in 1871, Germany emerged as the dominant power in Europe, driven by its robust economic and military development. German foreign policy during this period can be divided into two distinct phases:

The Bismarckian System (1871-1890)

Under Emperor Wilhelm I and Chancellor Otto von Bismarck, Germany pursued a diplomatic strategy aimed at maintaining the balance of power...