Notes, summaries, assignments, exams, and problems for Secondary education

Definition of Imperialism

Imperialism is when a nation extends its control over another country's government and economy. The conquering country is the mother country, and the acquired territories are the colonies.

During the Early Modern Period, Britain, Spain, and Portugal were already colonial powers.

"New Imperialism" began in the mid-19th century, led by Britain and France. The USA, Germany, Italy, Russia, and Japan joined later.

Factors of Imperialism

• Economic: Industrialization increased the demand for natural resources and places to trade manufactured goods (capitalism).
• Religious: Converting native people to Christianity was used as a justification for imperialism.
• Political:
  1. Nationalism: The prestige of possessing colonies increased nationalist

archaea, extremophiles, cyanobacteria, bacteria.

Market Structures

Perfect Competition: many buyers & sellers of a standard product & easy entrance & exit (ex: oranges)

Monopolistic Competition: many buyers & sellers of slightly differentiated products & easy entrance & exit (fast food)

Oligopoly: few businesses and entry to industry is restricted (cars & cellphones)

Monopoly: one business supplies a product w/ no close substitutes (debeers diamonds)

Key Concepts

Entry Barriers: increasing returns to scale, market experience, restricted ownership of resources, legal obstacles, market abuses, advertising

Market Power: a business's ability to affect the price of the product it sells

Revenue

Average Revenue: the extra total revenue earned from an additional unit of output...

CHAPTER 3

16) If the world terms of trade for a country are somewhere between the domestic cost ratio of H and that of F, then

B) country H and country F will both gain from trade.

17) If the world terms of trade equal those of country F, then

A) country H but not country F will gain from trade

18) If the world terms of trade equal those of country H, then

E) country F but not country H will gain from trade

CHAPTER 4

37) In the specific factors model, a 5% increase in the price of food accompanied by a 10% increase in the price of cloth will cause ________ in the welfare of labor, ________ in the welfare of the fixed factor in the production of food, and ________ in the welfare of the fixed factor in the production of cloth.
A) an ambiguous change;...

Unit 6 Level 1 Vocabulary (4) and Grammar (7)

1.1- chance- likelihood / 2- keep- maintain / 3- follows- tracks/ 4- useful- beneficial

1.1- attend- encourage / 2- motivated- ridiculous / 3- ridiculous- compulsory / 4- achieve- expect / 5- encourage- attend / 6- compulsory- motivated / 7- expect- achieve

2.1- used- Now we live in the city. / 2- getting- It’s a much slower pace / 3- are- We have got many friends here.

3.1- make up- an excuse / 2- trick- a friend / 3- figure out- the answer / 4- wipe- species of animals / 5- skip- dance class / 6- record- student’s notes

4.1- will get into trouble / 2- to motivate / 3- to cheat in / 4- to revise all / 5- Our curriculum / 6- of courage / 7- Pay attention

5.1- she had left the party early. / 2- he

Essential Travel Phrases, Idioms, and Vocabulary

Travel Actions and Phrasal Verbs

• Taxied (e.g., an aircraft moving on the ground before takeoff or after landing)
• Take off (e.g., an aircraft leaving the ground; to begin a journey quickly)
• Give you a lift (offer someone a ride in a vehicle)
• Delayed (postponed or running late)
• Boarded (got on a ship, aircraft, or other vehicle)
• Rest (relax or cease activity)
• Head for: Go in the direction of a particular place.
• Come up with: Think of or produce an idea or plan.
• Turn out: Attend or take part in an event; or to happen in a particular way.
• Come across: Find something or meet someone by chance.
• Get about / Get around: Move from place to place.
• See off: Go to an airport, station, etc., to say goodbye to someone

Metabolism

Chemical reactions within the cells convert nutrients into energy or convert simple substances into more complex ones.

Respiratory System

The respiratory system consists of the esophagus, stomach, liver, gallbladder, pancreas, large intestine, small intestine, appendix, and rectum. Cellular respiration is the process carried out in the mitochondria in which oxygen is used to extract energy from nutrients. External respiration, or breathing, is the process carried out in the respiratory system in which oxygen is inhaled from the environment and carbon dioxide is exhaled. The trachea is a tube located in the abdomen with small openings called spiracles. Vertebrate lungs have different structures depending on the species:

• Amphibians: Relatively

Saint Augustine of Hippo

Early Life and Conversion

August 28th - Memory of Augustine, Bishop and eminent Doctor of the Church

Saint Augustine of Hippo, after a youth concerned with doctrinal issues and moral freedom, converted to Catholicism and was baptized by Saint Ambrose of Milan. Upon returning home, he joined some friends and adopted an ascetic life dedicated to the study of the Scriptures. Later chosen as Bishop of Hippo in Africa, he served as a model for his flock. He instructed them with abundant sermons and writings, bravely fought against the errors of his time, and illuminated the true faith with wisdom.

The Roman Empire and the Rise of Christianity

The Era of the Roman Empire

• Constantine's Reign: Constantine served as governor of the

Charles IV (1788-1808)

The year after his accession, the French Revolution broke out.

• In the first place, it ended enlightened reforms. Following the execution of Louis XVI, Spain, along with other absolutist powers, declared war on France.

• Manuel Godoy allied with France, and Napoleon signed the Treaty of Fontainebleau to carve up Portugal.

Under the pretext of invading Portugal, French troops entered Spain and occupied strategic points in the peninsula. This provoked a popular rebellion against the policies of Godoy, the Mutiny of Aranjuez. As a result, a deposed Charles IV abdicated in favor of his son, Ferdinand. Napoleon offered to mediate in the conflict between father and son, attracting them to Bayonne, where he managed to secure their...