Notes, abstracts, papers, exams and problems of Secondary education

The Urbanization Process

The urbanization process consists of concentrating population and the most dynamic economic and cultural activities within cities.

Antiquity

In Europe, the urbanization process began around the third millennium BC with the creation of cities in the Eastern Mediterranean by trading civilizations like Crete. However, the definitive push toward urbanization came in the 8th century BC, first with the Greeks and then with Roman rule, which spread cities all across the empire.

In Spain, the first cities (Cádiz and Ampurias) emerged in the 8th century BC thanks to colonization by Mediterranean peoples (Phoenicians and Greeks). The number of cities increased during the period of Roman rule, when numerous cities were founded, such... Continue reading "The Urbanization Process: From Ancient Cities to Modern Metropolises" »

The Suburbs

In the 20th century, particularly between the 1950s and 1980s, urban growth led to the creation of vast suburban outskirts adjacent to historical cities. These areas were subject to characteristic zoning laws that segregated them into residential, industrial, and service-sector zones.

Residential Zones

Residential zones vary based on residents' buying power, resulting in social segregation: slums for disadvantaged or marginalized groups; tower block neighborhoods of varying sizes and qualities for the middle and lower classes; and exclusive single-family housing developments for the upper classes.

Industrial Zones

Industrial zones house factories that have relocated from city centers, as well as new industries seeking lower land prices... Continue reading "Suburbanization: Urban Growth and the Creation of Rural-Urban Areas" »

Audition 1: Beethoven's Symphony No. 5

Work and Composer

Symphony No. 5 by Ludwig van Beethoven. He was born on December 16, 1770, and died on March 26, 1827.

Genre

Instrumental and secular because it is a symphony.

Style

Between Classicism and a middle period called the Heroic Period.

Texture

Counterpoint: Musical phrases develop independently of one another.

Movement

Allegro

Rhythm

Short figures (predominantly)

Timbre

Orchestra with brass and percussion

Character

Nervous, intriguing

Context

To be filled with a mysterious story.

Text

No text can be found as it is an instrumental work.

Audition 2: Dvorak's New World Symphony

Work and Composer

New World Symphony by Antonin Dvorak. He was born on September 8, 1841, and died on May 1, 1904.

Genre

Instrumental and secular... Continue reading "Classical Music Analysis: Beethoven, Dvorak, Verdi, Vives" »

Classical Music

Transformation from the Early Modern Period to the Contemporary Age

Music between 1730 and 1820

The Rest of the Arts

Neo-classicism. 18th Century: The Age of Enlightenment. Music started to get closer to private houses and public concerts.

Classical Composers

• Liberal artists
• Wanted to reach out to new audiences
• Music: human, natural, pleasant for everyone
• Predominated formal clarity and melodic simplicity

Secular Vocal Music

• Most important: Classical Opera
• Opera underwent a change during the Classicism, which made it tend towards naturalness. It eliminates the excess of the Baroque and took the plots and the characters closer to the new audience.
• Opera Seria: Most important composer C.W. Gluck, who laid the foundation of the new opera in

The Olympic Games

The Olympic Games are an international sporting event celebrated every four years. They are organized by the International Olympic Committee (IOC). All countries are invited to participate under two flags: their national flag and the Olympic flag, which is composed of five interconnected rings of different colors. Each ring represents one of the five continents.

Historical Periods

The Games are historically divided into two periods:

• The Ancient Olympic Games (776 BC - 393 AD)
• The Modern Olympic Games (1896 to present)

The Ancient Olympic Games

The Ancient Games were celebrated in Olympia, located on a Greek island called "Katakolon." To participate, athletes needed to meet three requirements:

1. Be Greek
2. Be a man (women were not allowed

Population

Population is the number of people who inhabit a particular place. Population is influenced by physical environment, settlement patterns, economic activities, and the history of an area.

Before the 19th Century

• Climate changes around 10,000 years ago led to the Neolithic Revolution. As agriculture developed and population became more sedentary, towns and cities were established. Population grew slowly because it was dependent on the resources available.
• Wars, epidemics, and large-scale migration also either limited or promoted population growth. In the first century A.D. the world population was about 256 million. It increased until the Black Death of 1342. By the mid-17th century, the world population surpassed 500 million, and in 1800

CLASSIFICATION OF MExANIMS

Transmision of motion  

• Lineal transmision- lever, puyey, block and tackle
• Rotary transmision- friction weels, belt drive, gears

Transformation of motion

• rotary lineal- weel, rack and pinion, nut and bolt
• reciprocating- Crank and rod, cranksalf, cam

Motion control

• direction control- ratxed, freeweel
• speed reduction- brake

Energy accumulation

• absorption/dissipation- spring

Connection

• linkage- clutx
• support- plain bearing

LEVERS

class 1: levers can do bot of tose ting, fulcrum is between te force and resistance 

class 2: levers increase te force3 tat we apply, te resistance is between te fulcrum and te force

class 3: levers increase te distance tat te end of te levers moves, te force is between t efulcrum and resistance 

ROTARY TRANSMISION:... Continue reading "Three classification of diesel engines according to speed" »

English Vocabulary and Grammar

Phrasal Verbs and Vocabulary

Breathtaking (asombroso), look into, look out for (tener cuidado), flock (birds), herd (elephants), pack (dogs), pride (lion), school (dolphin), troop (monkey), dam (manada), once you've done it. Come across (cruzar), get away (irse), get off (bajar), see off (despedir), set off (activar), speed up, stop over, take off (despegar), blizzard (ventisca), breeze (brisa), drizzle (llovizna), frost, gale (vendaval), hailstorm, mist (niebla), sleet (aguanieve), score, be in a league of their own, neck and neck, no match for, get off to a good start, put up a good fight, be about to (a punto de).

Agree, complain (quejarse), reply, amateur (aficionado), newcomer, script (guion), sketch, spotlight,... Continue reading "English Vocabulary and Grammar: Key Concepts" »

Chuleta guardada automáticamente

MUS It’s compulsory / indispensable

• Be obligued
• I’m sure / certain
• Duty
• Surely / Certainly + affirmative

MUSTN’T not allowed

• It’s forbidden / prohibited
• Against the law / not permitted

HAVE TO It’s necessary//need

• NEED TO

DON’T HAVE TO It is not necessary

• DOESN’T NEED TO unnecessary

SHOULD / OUGHT TO advise

• A good idea
• If I were you, I would...
• Suggest
• Had better

SHOULDN’T suggest (negative)

• A wrong idea

CAN Know how to

• Have permission
• Have the ability / Be able to

CAN’T Not possible / Impossible

• Definitely (negative)
• I’m sure / certain (negative)

COULD / MAY / MIGHT PROBABILITY

• Perhaps
• Possible
• Probably
• Likely / In case
• Not sure

COULD / MAY / CAN ASKING FOR PERMISSION

COULD ABILITY IN THE PAST

• knew how to / It was possible