Notes, summaries, assignments, exams, and problems for Secondary education

Colonial Empires of the 19th and 20th Centuries

Major British Colonies

• Canada
• Australia
• Egypt
• Sudan
• Nigeria
• Kenya
• Rhodesia
• South African Union
• India
• Burma
• New Guinea
• Cochinchina

Major French Colonies

• America and Oceania: No colonies
• Morocco
• Algeria
• French West Africa
• French Equatorial Africa
• Somalia
• Madagascar
• Indochina

Other European Empires

Spanish Colonies

• Rio de Oro
• Equatorial Guinea
• Northern Morocco

German Colonies

• Kamerun
• Tanganyika
• South West Africa

Dutch Colonies

• The Guianas
• Indonesia
• Malaysia

Belgian Colonies

• Belgian Congo
• New Guinea

Portuguese Colonies

• Angola
• Mozambique

Danish Colonies

• Iceland
• Greenland

Italian Colonies

• Libya
• Somalia
• Eritrea

Non-European Empires

Japanese Colonies

• Korea

US Territories and Protectorates

• Cuba
• Panama Canal Zone
• Philippines
• Alaska
• Puerto Rico

Russian Territories

• Turkestan
• Manchuria
• Kuril

International Crisis Management

Risk Assessment

Conduct a comprehensive risk assessment to identify potential crises that could impact your organization's international operations. Analyze political, economic, social, technological, and legal factors in your countries or regions of operation.

Crisis Response Team

Establish a dedicated crisis response team with members from different departments who have the expertise and authority to make critical decisions during a crisis. Clearly define roles, responsibilities, and communication channels within the team.

Communication Strategy

Develop a robust communication strategy for internal and external stakeholders. Establish a clear chain of command for key messages, prepare spokespersons for media interactions,... Continue reading "International Crisis Management Strategies" »

1.1 The Concept of a City

Human settlement refers to the distribution of the population over a territory, which can be either rural or urban.

a) Rural Settlement:

• Characterized by a low number of inhabitants and low population density. The specific criteria for what constitutes a rural settlement can vary depending on the region. For example, in Norway, a city can have as few as 200 inhabitants.
• Typically features low-rise buildings that can be either concentrated or dispersed.
• The primary economic activities are related to the primary sector, which involves obtaining natural resources.
• Life in rural settlements is often characterized by close social ties and a strong sense of community belonging.
• Examples of rural settlements include villages and

This photo captures a battalion of thousands of Maori performing the Haka, a traditional dance used before entering battle. Initially, European wars held little interest for them as they seemed inconsequential to their lives. However, their perspective shifted during World War II. They saw participation as a political strategy to claim their independence. The Maori, part of New Zealand, sought respect alongside the Pakeha (non-Maori New Zealanders).

The Maori presence in New Zealand predates the arrival of European explorers, leading to numerous conflicts with white emigrants known as the Land Wars, which spanned many years. World War II presented an opportunity, despite Britain's distance, as they believed it would later benefit their pursuit... Continue reading "Maori Warriors: WWII, Haka, and the Fight for Equality" »

Mamma Mia!: A Joyous Celebration of Love and Music

Mamma Mia! is by far and away the best musical film you will see in your life. The first time I saw it was in the cinema many years ago. This film symbolizes love, family, and unity, some of the most important and significant values for most of us. It is known worldwide for its high-quality cast and soundtrack.

The film is set in Skopelos, a beautiful Greek island that makes you want to be there, smell the fresh sea air, and walk through the white alleys. The scenery captures the audience's imagination, making them feel heart-warmed and at peace.

Another important and necessary aspect to highlight is the music of ABBA. It can turn a grey day into a cheerful and lively one. The songs are some of... Continue reading "A Joyous Celebration of Love and Music: A Review of "Mamma Mia!"" »

The Great Depression and its Impact

The Great Depression significantly affected industrialized countries, particularly Great Britain, Austria, and Germany in Europe. Countries and colonies exporting raw materials also suffered as industrial nations, facing reduced purchasing power, drastically cut imports. Various solutions, generally based on economic nationalism and state intervention, were implemented.

The New Deal in the United States

In 1933, US President Roosevelt introduced the "New Deal," a plan to revive the economy through state intervention. This involved promoting public works, subsidizing firms, controlling banking, and expanding social welfare.

Great Britain's Response

In contrast, Great Britain limited its intervention to devaluing... Continue reading "The Great Depression and the Rise of Dictatorships" »

important announcements from
THE READING CLUB!
sessions
Who wants to disconnect from reality for a while? We are trying to push a couple reading sessions through the week for new members on Tuesdays and Thursdays. We'll meet at the local library at 6 p.M.
Social events.
We are excited to announce that the club is hosting a fair for all members soon in the city park. It is a tradition of the club in which the people who attend can exchange literary interests and take a walk while buying books and other objects related to this world. Remember to bring your membership cards
Visit for Collen Hoover
All members are invited to a special event next Friday with romance writer Collen Hoover, who is coming to talk to us about her early writing. Collen will... Continue reading "Absolutismo" »

What is Standard of Living?

A person's standard of living is the level of material comfort that they are able to enjoy in terms of the goods and services which they can buy or use.

Understanding Gross Domestic Product (GDP)

The GDP measures the growth of economies over time.

• It can be used to make comparisons between levels of production, income, and spending between countries.

Limitations of GDP as a Measure

GDP is NOT a good measure for several reasons:

• It doesn't take into account the degree of inequality in a society. Although GDP per head in a country might rise over time, prosperity does not necessarily make much difference to the living standards of poorer people.
• GDP simply measures the value of goods produced; it doesn't take into account

Understanding Poverty

Defining Poverty

Relative poverty refers to economic inequality within a society. Individuals or groups experiencing relative poverty have less access to goods and services compared to others.

Absolute poverty signifies the lack of resources to meet basic human needs, such as water, food, sanitation, shelter, clothing, and education.

People Affected by Poverty

Individuals facing poverty often experience disadvantages, including limited access to quality education and increased health risks.

Causes of Poverty

1. Unemployment or Underemployment: Lack of sufficient work opportunities to earn a living wage.
2. Old Age: Insufficient income after retirement.
3. Ill Health: Mental and physical health issues can hinder employment and increase expenses.

ECONOMY europe--> 1st half crisis bc destruction & debt 2nd half distention bc of better international relationshipsh+prosperity- germany = worst state PRIMER CÍRCULO way out = Dawes plan (ends ruhr occupation, lowers war reparations, gives money for economic recovery)/ USA--> industrial growt, increase in exports, europe pays dawes plan + mass consumer society "american livestyle" (car + house appliances) / 1929 crisis growth based on consmption development by credits, increase in speculation=increase in stock market value, SEGUNDO CÍRCULO , globalisation of crisis=great depression (that ends w/WWII) / way out great depr economic nationalism & state intervention - USA elections 32' hoover (economic liberalism) vs roosevelt