Notes, summaries, assignments, exams, and problems for Secondary education

1. What is E-commerce? Security Threats Associated with E-commerce

E-commerce refers to the buying and selling of goods or services using the internet and the transfer of money and data to execute these transactions.

Security Threats in E-commerce

• Phishing: Fake emails or websites trick users into revealing sensitive information.
• Credit Card Fraud: Unauthorized access to card data during transactions.
• Data Breaches: Hackers access customer data, affecting privacy and trust.
• Man-in-the-Middle (MITM) Attacks: Intercepting communication between two parties to steal information.
• Malware Attacks: Software designed to harm or exploit systems (e.g., spyware, ransomware).
• Denial-of-Service (DoS) Attacks: Cripples online stores by overwhelming servers.

Preventive

Chemical Reactions and Equations

1. Chemical Reaction Definition

The process in which a substance undergoes change to produce new substances with new properties is known as chemical reaction, e.g., magnesium carbonate when heated produces magnesium oxide and carbon dioxide (i.e., new substances with new properties).

A chemical change is generally accompanied by a change of state, change of colour, evolution of a gas, or change of temperature, etc.

2. Chemical Equation Definition

The qualitative representation of a chemical reaction in a shorthand or concise form, in terms of symbols and formulae, is called a chemical equation.

3. Skeletal Chemical Equation

A chemical equation written in the form of symbols and formulae is called a skeletal chemical

Historical Source Evaluation

Understanding Historical Source Evaluation

Timeline of Key Events (American & French Revolutions)

• American War of Independence: 1775 - 1783 (French involvement)
• Assembly of Notables: 22 Feb - 25 May 1787
• Lit De Justice: 6 Aug 1787, 8 May 1788
• Day of Tiles: 10 June 1788
• Harvest Crisis: 1788
• Pamphlet War: 1788-1789
• Cahiers De Doléances: 1789 (List of grievances)
• Rural Revolt: March 1789
• Réveillon Riots: 27-28 April 1789
• Estates-General: May 1789
• Declaration of the National Assembly: 17 June 1789
• Tennis Court Oath: 20 June 1789
• Royal Session: 23 June 1789
• Necker’s Dismissal: 11 July 1789
• Fall of the Bastille: 14 July 1789
• Municipal Revolutions: 13-17 July 1789
• The Great Fear: 20 July - 6 Aug 1789
• Night of 4 August: Abolition of

Understanding Ancient Mesoamerican Civilizations

Delve into the rich history and complex structures of ancient Mesoamerican societies. This document highlights key aspects, from their societal organization and agricultural innovations to their lasting cultural and historical impact.

Key Aspects of Mesoamerican Societies

• Classic Period Decline: Societal Shifts

  An understanding of the societal, political, and economic shifts following the Classic period is crucial to grasp its consequences.

• Monumental Architecture and Social Hierarchy

  Analyzing how the construction of large-scale structures reveals the power structures and social hierarchies within Mesoamerican societies.

• Mesoamerican Calendars: Culture and Daily Life

  Explaining the importance of the

G.S. Ghurye (1893–1983): Father of Indian Sociology

• Theory: Caste and Race in India
• Key Ideas:
  • Known as the "Father of Indian Sociology."
  • Studied the caste system, arguing it has both racial and cultural aspects.
  • Described caste as having six characteristics: Segmental Division, Hierarchy, Restrictions on Marriage, Occupational Specialization, Commensality Rules, and Social Disabilities.
  • Analyzed the role of Sanskritization in social mobility.

M.N. Srinivas (1916–1999): Sanskritization and Westernization

• Theory: Sanskritization and Westernization
• Key Ideas:
  • Defined Sanskritization as the process where lower castes adopt upper-caste practices to improve social status.
  • Defined Westernization as the influence of British rule on Indian society, encompassing

Income from Other Sources: Key Questions and Answers

Q1. What is the name of the fifth head of income?

Ans: Income from other sources.

Q2. What are the essential conditions for chargeability of income under the head 'Income from Other Sources'?

Ans: The following conditions must be satisfied:

• (i) There must be an income that is not exempted from tax.
• (ii) The income must not be chargeable under any of the first four heads (i.e., other than the head 'Income from Other Sources').

Q3. Write two examples of income that are chargeable under the head 'Income from Other Sources'.

Ans:

• (i) Winning from lotteries
• (ii) Winning from crossword puzzles

Q4. Under which head is the salary of MP/MLA charged?

Ans: Income from other sources.

Q5. Define the term 'security'

1-D Motion

Can be described with zero displacement

Cannot be described with zero distance

Distance [x] = how far you move

Displacement [Δx] = distance from start to end

Speed = how fast [v = d/t]

Velocity = speed and direction [v = Δx/Δt]

Position/time: where we are at any given time

velocity = slope

v decreasing: A -> E

stationary: D

v increasing: A/none

greatest speed: A

Velocity/time: how fast we're going at any given time

acceleration/speeding up = slope

Stationary: A, L

Constant: H, E, D

Slowing down: K, J, I

Speeding up: B, C, F, G

Acceleration

Kinematic Equations:

1. V [end velocity] = V₀ [initial velocity] + at

ex. How fast do we hit the ground?

t = 20s

a = g = ~9.8 m/s²

x = 0m (x-axis intercept)

V₀... Continue reading "Essential Concepts in Classical Mechanics Physics" »

Ingrid Jonker stands as one of South Africa's most influential poets, not only making waves in literature but also becoming a profound symbol of resistance against apartheid. Born on September 19, 1933, in the Northern Cape town of Douglas, Jonker grew up during the oppressive rise of apartheid. Her early life was marked by personal hardship, particularly the loss of her mother at the age of ten, a tragedy that deeply influenced much of her later work.

Early Life and the Shadow of Apartheid

Her father, Abraham Jonker, held a high-ranking position in the apartheid government, serving as the head of South Africa’s Board of Censors. This created deep tension between them, as Ingrid vehemently rejected her father’s political beliefs. Instead,... Continue reading "Ingrid Jonker: South Africa's Voice of Resistance Against Apartheid" »

Understanding Henry Fayol's 14 Principles of Management

Henry Fayol's 14 Principles of Management are fundamental concepts that provide a framework for effective organizational structure and management. These principles, developed by the French mining engineer and director Henry Fayol, are still highly relevant in modern business environments for achieving efficiency and productivity.

1. Division of Work

According to this principle, the entire work of an organization, including technical, financial, commercial, accounting, managerial, and security operations, should be assigned to different employees based on their qualifications, qualities, capabilities, and experience. This approach leverages the benefits of specialization, improving the efficiency... Continue reading "Henry Fayol's Management Principles for Organizational Success" »